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The Korean expression 「기준으로」 means “based on…” or “using…as a standard.” The noun that comes before it becomes the criterion used for sorting, classifying, calculating, or making a judgment afterward. For example, 「가격을 기준으로 정렬하다」 means to sort by price, 「나이를 기준으로 나누다」 means to divide people into groups based on age, and 「날짜를 기준으로 계산하다」 means to use a particular date as the starting point for a calculation. These sentences are not especially difficult to understand. What is more easily confused is that Chinese expressions such as “按照,” “根據,” and “以……為準” cover a very broad range of meanings, while they cannot always be translated directly into Korean with 「기준으로」. Some sentences describe handling something according to a particular condition or rule, in which case 「에 따라」 is more common. Others use data, facts, or reasons to support a judgment, which is closer to 「근거로」. So when you encounter 「기준으로」, rather than memorizing a Chinese translation first, it is more practical to look at what the preceding content is actually being used for: is it a basis for sorting, classifying, or calculating, or is it describing a condition or the grounds for a judgment? This article starts with how 「N을/를 기준으로」 is formed, then covers common uses involving dates, places, and amounts, as well as frequently used forms such as 「기준으로 삼다」 and 「기준으로 한」.

What Does Korean 「기준으로」 Mean? How to Form 「N을/를 기준으로」

The Korean noun 「기준」 means a “standard” or “criterion” used for judgment, comparison, classification, or calculation. When 「으로」 is added to form 「기준으로」, it takes on the meaning of “based on…” or “using…as a standard” in a sentence. The most common structure is 「N을/를 기준으로」, where the preceding noun is the criterion used for the following action. For example, 「가격을 기준으로 정렬하다」 means to sort by price, while 「나이를 기준으로 나누다」 means to divide people into groups based on age. With sentences like these, first look at what appears before 「기준으로」. That noun is usually the item being referenced for the sorting, classification, calculation, or judgment that follows.

The noun before 「N을/를 기준으로」 takes 「을／를」. Use 「을」 when the noun has a 받침, and 「를」 when it does not. If you are not yet familiar with how 「을／를」 attaches to nouns, you can first review how the Korean particles 「을/를」 are used.

Noun type	Attachment pattern	Example
Has a 받침	Noun＋을 기준으로	성적을 기준으로
No 받침	Noun＋를 기준으로	나이를 기준으로

In 「성적을 기준으로」, 「성적」 has a 받침, so it takes 「을」. In 「나이를 기준으로」, 「나이」 has no 받침, so it takes 「를」. The phrase can then be followed by actions such as 「정렬하다、분류하다、계산하다、선발하다」 to explain what the criterion is actually being used for.

How Are 「N을/를 기준으로」, 「어떤 기준으로」, and 「제 기준으로는」 Different?

「N을/를 기준으로」 directly states which criterion is being used. For example, 「가격을 기준으로」 means “using price as the criterion,” while 「성적을 기준으로」 means “using grades as the criterion.” In 「어떤 기준으로」, 「어떤」 directly modifies 「기준」 and means “by what standard” or “using what criterion.” It is commonly used when you do not yet know which condition the other person is using and need to ask first. For example, 「어떤 기준으로 정해요?」 asks, “What standard do you use to decide?” The answer can then be 「가격을 기준으로 정해요」, with the actual criterion inserted into the sentence.

「제 기준으로는」 is a different case. 「제」 is the contracted form of 「저의」, so 「제 기준」 means “my own standard.” The full phrase can be understood as “by my standards” or “in my judgment.” The 「는」 at the end sets this criterion as the scope of the statement and can also suggest that someone else’s standards might be different, just as in the usage of the Korean particle 「은/는」. For example, 「제 기준으로는 괜찮아요」 does not mean that everyone thinks it is fine. It means “By my standards, it is fine.”

The three forms can therefore be distinguished by looking at what information the sentence currently needs. 「가격을 기준으로」 already gives a specific criterion; 「어떤 기준으로」 asks what that criterion is; and 「제 기준으로는」 limits the scope of the judgment to the speaker’s personal standards. In Chinese, all three may be expressed with wording such as “以……為準” or “按照……來看,” but in actual Korean, the real distinction depends on whether the criterion has been explicitly stated and whether the speaker is asking a question or expressing a personal judgment.

How Is Korean 「기준으로」 Used? Common Uses and Examples

Usage ① of 「기준으로」｜Using a Condition as a Standard for Judgment, Sorting, or Classification

When choosing, sorting, or classifying several people, products, or pieces of data, 「기준으로」 can directly state which condition is being used to determine the result. For example, if products have prices, ratings, and sales volumes, you can choose to sort them by price. If applicants have different scores, you can also use those scores to determine the selection results. In this usage, the noun before 「기준으로」 does not merely provide background information. It actually affects “how things are sorted, how they are divided, or who is selected.” So when you see 「가격을 기준으로」「성적을 기준으로」「나이를 기준으로」, you can check whether the following action is something like 「정렬하다、선발하다、분류하다、나누다」—actions that require a criterion before they can be carried out.

• Example:  가격을 기준으로 상품을 정렬했어요.
  Romanization: ga-gyeo-geul gi-jun-eu-ro sang-pu-meul jeong-nyeol-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: I sorted the products by price.
  「가격」 is set as the criterion used for sorting.
• Example:  성적을 기준으로 지원자를 선발합니다.
  Romanization: seong-jeo-geul gi-jun-eu-ro ji-won-ja-reul seon-bal-ham-ni-da.
  Translation: Applicants are selected based on their scores.
  This is common in relatively formal contexts such as admissions, recruitment, or evaluations.
• Example:  나이를 기준으로 참가자를 두 그룹으로 나눴어요.
  Romanization: na-i-reul gi-jun-eu-ro cham-ga-ja-reul du geu-rup-eu-ro na-nwos-seo-yo.
  Translation: The participants were divided into two groups based on age.
  Here, age determines how the groups are formed, so the key point is that it functions as the classification criterion.

Usage ② of 「기준으로」｜Using a Time or Place as a Reference Point

「기준으로」 can also be used to first specify a time or location and then judge what comes before or after it, how far something is, or in which direction something lies. For example, 「오늘을 기준으로」 first sets today as a point of reference in time, after which you can say one week earlier or three days later. 「서울을 기준으로」 first uses Seoul as the reference location and then describes a region as being to the north or south of it. This usage is also common in eligibility requirements, because age, length of residence, and years of employment all change depending on the date. It is therefore necessary to state clearly whether the calculation is based on the application date, the deadline, or another date. In these cases, the time or place in front is not being used for sorting or comparing what is better or worse. Instead, it provides a fixed reference point from which the following time difference, direction, or eligibility calculation begins.

• Example:  오늘을 기준으로 일주일 전이에요.
  Romanization: o-neu-reul gi-jun-eu-ro il-ju-il jeon-i-e-yo.
  Translation: It was one week ago, using today as the reference point.
  「오늘」 is the starting point for calculating the time difference.
• Example:  서울을 기준으로 북쪽에 있는 지역이에요.
  Romanization: seo-u-reul gi-jun-eu-ro buk-jjo-ge in-neun ji-yeo-gi-e-yo.
  Translation: It is a region located to the north of Seoul, using Seoul as the reference point.
  The location itself becomes the reference point for determining direction.
• Example:  접수 마감일을 기준으로 나이를 계산합니다.
  Romanization: jeop-su ma-ga-mi-reul gi-jun-eu-ro na-i-reul gye-san-ham-ni-da.
  Translation: Age is calculated based on the application deadline.
  Notices often specify a particular date so that eligibility calculations do not change depending on when the information is viewed.

Usage ③ of 「기준으로」｜Using Quantity, Amount, or Usage as the Basis for Calculation

When dealing with fees, salaries, allowances, or usage, 「기준으로」 is often used to explain what the following amount is calculated from. A base salary can serve as the basis for calculating an allowance, one month’s usage can determine the amount of a bill, and the number of people can determine how event fees or meal costs are charged. This type of sentence is somewhat similar to the first usage involving sorting and classification, because the preceding noun still affects the final result. Here, however, the issue is “how an amount or number is calculated,” rather than “who is placed in which group or who ranks ahead of whom.” For this reason, price lists, salary policies, subscription plans, and event fee explanations often use not only the full 「N을/를 기준으로」 structure but also shortened forms such as 「1인 기준」 and 「월 기준」.

• Example:  기본급을 기준으로 수당을 계산합니다.
  Romanization: gi-bon-geu-beul gi-jun-eu-ro su-dang-eul gye-san-ham-ni-da.
  Translation: The allowance is calculated based on the base salary.
  「기본급」 is the base figure used for the subsequent calculation.
• Example:  한 달 사용량을 기준으로 요금이 정해져요.
  Romanization: han dal sa-yong-nyang-eul gi-jun-eu-ro yo-geu-mi jeong-hae-jyeo-yo.
  Translation: The fee is determined based on one month’s usage.
  This is common in telecommunications, subscription services, and other usage-based billing systems.
• Example:  한 사람을 기준으로 비용을 계산해요.
  Romanization: han sa-ra-meul gi-jun-eu-ro bi-yong-eul gye-san-hae-yo.
  Translation: The cost is calculated on a per-person basis.
  In everyday usage, the shorter 「1인 기준」 is also common and has a meaning similar to “per person.”

What Is the Difference Between Korean 「기준으로 삼다」 and 「기준으로 한」?

「기준으로 삼다」 and 「기준으로 한」 are both extensions of 「기준으로」, but they perform different functions once placed in a sentence. 「기준으로 삼다」 is itself an action: it means choosing one item from several possible conditions and using it as the standard for later judgment, calculation, or evaluation. 「기준으로 한」, on the other hand, does not describe the act of “selecting a criterion.” Instead, it turns “using something as the criterion” into a modifier that comes before nouns such as 「분류、순위、예상치」. The former often answers the question “What is being chosen as the standard?” while the latter is often used to say “What standard was this classification, ranking, or figure based on?”

Comparison point	「기준으로 삼다」	「기준으로 한」
Common meaning	make… the standard, use… as the criterion	based on…, created using… as the criterion
Function in the sentence	Describes the act of “selecting a criterion”	Modifies the following noun
Common structure	N을/를 기준으로 삼다	N을/를 기준으로 한＋noun
Common question answered	What is being used as the standard?	What is this classification/ranking/result based on?
Common following content	계산하다、평가하다、정하다、비교하다	분류、순위、평가、예상치、계산
Main focus	“Which criterion was adopted?”	“Which criterion was used for the following noun?”
Common contexts	Evaluation, planning, calculation, decision-making	Reports, statistics, policy explanations, written documents

▌How to Use 「기준으로 삼다」｜Selecting Something as a Standard for Judgment or Calculation

In 「기준으로 삼다」, 「삼다」 can be understood as “to make something into” or “to use something as,” so the entire structure means “to use the preceding noun as a standard.” When 「기준으로」 is used on its own, the sentence usually moves directly into the following sorting, calculation, or classification. Adding 「삼다」 makes the action of “choosing which item to use as the standard” more explicit. This form can be used when a company decides which year’s sales to use for comparison, which indicator to use in an evaluation, or which result to use as the starting point when recalculating something. 「삼다」 can also become 「삼아」, allowing the sentence to continue by explaining what was done after adopting that standard.

• Example:  지난해 매출을 기준으로 삼았어요.
  Romanization: ji-nan-hae mae-chu-reul gi-jun-eu-ro sa-ma-sseo-yo.
  Translation: We used last year’s sales as the standard.
  This sentence does not simply say that a later calculation was carried out according to sales; it directly states that “last year’s sales” were selected as the standard for later comparison or judgment.
• Example:  고객 만족도를 평가 기준으로 삼았습니다.
  Romanization: go-gaek man-jok-do-reul pyeong-ga gi-jun-eu-ro sa-ma-sseum-ni-da.
  Translation: Customer satisfaction was adopted as an evaluation criterion.
  「고객 만족도」 was originally only one of several possible evaluation items. Using 「기준으로 삼다」 shows that it was formally adopted as the criterion for this evaluation.
• Example:  첫 번째 결과를 기준으로 삼아 다시 계산했어요.
  Romanization: cheot beon-jjae gyeol-gwa-reul gi-jun-eu-ro sa-ma da-si gye-san-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: We used the first result as the reference point and recalculated it.
  「삼아」 is the form of 「삼다」 followed by 「-아」. The first part states that the first result was adopted as the standard, and 「다시 계산했어요」 then explains that a recalculation was carried out afterward.

▌How to Use 「기준으로 한」｜Placing “Based on…” Before a Noun

「기준으로 한」 is the noun-modifying form of 「기준으로 하다」 and must be followed by a noun. For example, 「연령을 기준으로 한 분류」 means “a classification based on age,” while 「매출액을 기준으로 한 순위」 means “a ranking based on sales revenue.” Compared with 「기준으로 삼다」, this form does not specifically describe someone performing the action of “selecting a criterion.” Instead, it directly tells the reader what standard the following classification, ranking, or estimate was based on. This makes it common in reports, statistics, and rule explanations, where information often needs to be compressed into a noun phrase.

• Example:  연령을 기준으로 한 분류입니다.
  Romanization: yeol-lyeong-eul gi-jun-eu-ro han bul-lyu-im-ni-da.
  Translation: This is a classification based on age.
  The entire phrase 「연령을 기준으로 한」 modifies 「분류」 and explains that age was used as the basis for the classification.
• Example:  매출액을 기준으로 한 순위예요.
  Romanization: mae-chu-rae-geul gi-jun-eu-ro han su-nwi-ye-yo.
  Translation: This is a ranking based on sales revenue.
  Rankings can also be created based on sales volume, ratings, or other criteria. Here, 「매출액을 기준으로 한」 directly limits the meaning of 「순위」 and shows that the ranking currently being viewed is ordered by sales revenue.
• Example:  현재 자료를 기준으로 한 예상치입니다.
  Romanization: hyeon-jae ja-ryo-reul gi-jun-eu-ro han ye-sang-chi-im-ni-da.
  Translation: This is an estimate based on the currently available data.
  「현재 자료를 기준으로 한」 modifies 「예상치」 and indicates that the estimate was calculated using only the data currently available. This type of structure, in which the condition is placed directly before a noun, works especially well in reports, data explanations, and formal written material.

▌How Do 「기준으로 삼다」 and 「기준으로 한」 Differ in the Same Workplace Context?

Suppose a company is using last year’s sales to set this year’s sales target. Both forms can appear in this context, but the perspective is different. 「기준으로 삼다」 draws attention to the action of “the company deciding to use last year’s sales as the standard.” 「기준으로 한」 skips over the selection process and directly describes the current target as “one that was set based on last year’s sales.” The former is more about how the standard was decided, while the latter is more about describing the resulting target, figure, or classification.

• Example:  지난해 매출을 기준으로 삼아 올해 목표를 정했어요.
  Romanization: ji-nan-hae mae-chu-reul gi-jun-eu-ro sa-ma o-rae mok-pyo-reul jeong-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: We used last year’s sales as the standard and set this year’s target.
  The sentence first states that 「지난해 매출」 was selected as the standard, then explains that the company used this standard to set the target for this year. 「삼아」 links the selection of the criterion and the following action within the same sentence.
• Example:  지난해 매출을 기준으로 한 올해 목표예요.
  Romanization: ji-nan-hae mae-chu-reul gi-jun-eu-ro han o-rae mok-pyo-ye-yo.
  Translation: This is this year’s target, set based on last year’s sales.
  The sentence does not describe the process of “deciding to use last year’s sales as the standard.” Instead, 「지난해 매출을 기준으로 한」 directly modifies 「올해 목표」, placing the emphasis on what the target itself was based on.

Viewed together, 「기준으로 삼다」 is closer to “select it and make it the standard,” while 「기준으로 한」 is closer to “formed according to that standard.” For this reason, 「기준으로 삼다」 can be used when describing a decision-making or selection process, while 「기준으로 한」 is more commonly used when placing the criterion directly before nouns such as “classification,” “ranking,” “target,” or “estimate.”

Comparing Korean 「기준으로」, 「에 따라」, and 「근거로」

「기준으로」, 「에 따라」, and 「근거로」 can all be translated into Chinese with expressions such as “按照,” “根據,” or “依照,” but Korean does not distinguish them based on which Chinese word is used. Instead, the important point is the relationship between the preceding content and the following action. 「기준으로」 usually establishes a standard first, then uses that standard for sorting, classifying, calculating, or judging. 「에 따라」 indicates that the subsequent handling method or result depends on the preceding condition, rule, or situation. 「근거로」 requires the preceding data, fact, or reason to support the judgment, claim, or decision that follows.

Comparison point	「기준으로」	「에 따라」	「근거로」
Common meaning	based on…, using… as a standard	according to…, depending on…, in accordance with…	based on…, on the grounds of…
Role of the preceding content	Becomes the standard for judgment, classification, or calculation	Becomes the condition or rule that the later action or result follows	Becomes the data, fact, or reason supporting a judgment, conclusion, or decision
Common question answered	What standard is being used for the judgment?	What condition determines the handling? What causes the result to vary?	What is this judgment based on?
Common nouns used	가격、성적、나이、날짜、매출액、사용량	상황、규정、조건、성적、날씨、결과	자료、사실、증언、법、연구 결과
Common following actions	정렬하다、분류하다、계산하다、선발하다	달라지다、정하다、처리하다、변하다	판단하다、결정하다、주장하다、결론을 내리다
Main point of usage	Which item is being used as the “standard”	The condition and the following action/result are linked	Whether the preceding content can support the following judgment
Can it be replaced by the other two?	In some contexts, but the focus changes	Partially overlaps with 「기준으로」	Usually cannot be directly replaced by the other two because it requires a relationship of evidence or grounds

▌「기준으로」 vs 「에 따라」｜Setting a Standard vs Acting According to a Condition or Rule

「기준으로」 and 「에 따라」 can both be translated as “according to” or “based on,” but they focus on different things. 「기준으로」 clearly identifies which standard is being used for the sorting, classification, calculation, or judgment that follows—for example, sorting by price or grouping people according to their scores. 「에 따라」 indicates that the following handling method or result depends on the preceding condition, rule, or situation, so it is often used with verbs of change such as 「달라지다」 and 「변하다」. In some cases, both expressions can appear in similar sentences, but 「기준으로」 focuses more on “what is being used as the criterion,” while 「에 따라」 focuses more on “what happens or how something is handled depending on that condition.”

• Example:  가격을 기준으로 상품을 정렬했어요.
  Romanization: ga-gyeo-geul gi-jun-eu-ro sang-pu-meul jeong-nyeol-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: I sorted the products by price.
  「가격」 is directly used as the sorting criterion, so the sentence explains which condition determines the product order.
• Example:  가격에 따라 배송비가 달라져요.
  Romanization: ga-gyeo-ge tta-ra bae-song-bi-ga dal-la-jyeo-yo.
  Translation: The shipping fee varies depending on the price.
  This is not about specifying a sorting criterion. It means that when the price changes, the shipping fee also changes.
• Example:  성적에 따라 반을 나눴어요.
  Romanization: seong-jeo-ge tta-ra ba-neul na-nwos-seo-yo.
  Translation: The classes were divided according to the students’ scores.
  Both this sentence and 「성적을 기준으로 반을 나눴어요」 are possible. 「에 따라」 emphasizes that the class division was carried out according to the students’ scores, while 「기준으로」 more explicitly presents the scores as the criterion used for dividing the classes. The two are therefore not completely interchangeable, but their points of emphasis differ.

▌「기준으로」 vs 「근거로」｜A Standard for Judgment vs Evidence Supporting a Judgment

「기준으로」 and 「근거로」 can also both be translated into Chinese as “根據,” but the noun before them plays a different role. 「기준으로」 is preceded by a standard used for measuring, classifying, or calculating, such as a score, age, or price. 「근거로」 is typically preceded by data, facts, testimony, or other content that can support the judgment that follows. Put simply, if the sentence is asking “What standard is being used to divide, calculate, or select?”, 「기준으로」 is usually relevant. If the question is “What is this conclusion or decision based on?”, the meaning is closer to 「근거로」. Simply comparing A and B to see which is higher, cheaper, or better belongs to a different pattern involving the Korean comparison particle 「보다」.

• Example:  점수를 기준으로 지원자를 분류했어요.
  Romanization: jeom-su-reul gi-jun-eu-ro ji-won-ja-reul bul-lyu-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: The applicants were classified according to their scores.
  「점수」 is the criterion used for classification, and the focus is on which condition determined how the applicants were grouped.
• Example:  조사 자료를 근거로 결론을 내렸어요.
  Romanization: jo-sa ja-ryo-reul geun-geo-ro gyeol-lo-neul nae-ryeo-sseo-yo.
  Translation: We reached a conclusion based on the survey data.
  「조사 자료」 is not a classification or calculation standard. It is data that supports the conclusion, so 「근거로」 is used.
• Example:  평가 결과를 근거로 최종 결정을 내렸어요.
  Romanization: pyeong-ga gyeol-gwa-reul geun-geo-ro choe-jong gyeol-jeong-eul nae-ryeo-sseo-yo.
  Translation: We made the final decision based on the evaluation results.
  The sentence explains what evidence was referenced when making the decision. If it were changed to 「평가 결과를 기준으로」, the nuance would shift toward treating the evaluation result as a decision criterion rather than emphasizing how the result supports the decision.

▌How Do 「기준으로」, 「에 따라」, and 「근거로」 Differ in the Same Workplace Context?

Suppose a company is deciding employee bonuses. All three expressions can appear in this situation, but they do not focus on the same thing. 「기준으로」 treats performance directly as the standard used to calculate the bonus. 「에 따라」 focuses more on the fact that employees with different performance levels receive different bonus amounts. 「근거로」 does not explain how the bonus is calculated; instead, it explains which data the company used as the basis for a particular decision. Even though all three sentences concern “performance and bonuses,” changing the expression also changes the focus of the sentence.

• Example:  성과를 기준으로 보너스를 계산했어요.
  Romanization: seong-gwa-reul gi-jun-eu-ro bo-neo-seu-reul gye-san-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: The bonus was calculated based on performance.
  「성과」 directly becomes the standard used to calculate the bonus. The focus is on “what standard was used to calculate the bonus.” If the company could calculate bonuses according to seniority, position, or performance, this sentence says that “performance” was chosen in this case.
• Example:  성과에 따라 보너스 금액이 달라져요.
  Romanization: seong-gwa-e tta-ra bo-neo-seu geu-mae-gi dal-la-jyeo-yo.
  Translation: The bonus amount varies depending on performance.
  This sentence does not specifically describe how the company established its calculation standard. It simply says that different performance levels result in different bonus amounts. 「에 따라」 links the preceding condition with the following result, so it often appears with verbs of change such as 「달라지다、변하다」.
• Example:  성과 평가 자료를 근거로 보너스 지급 여부를 결정했어요.
  Romanization: seong-gwa pyeong-ga ja-ryo-reul geun-geo-ro bo-neo-seu ji-geup yeo-bu-reul gyeol-jeong-hae-sseo-yo.
  Translation: The company decided whether to pay the bonus based on performance evaluation data.
  Here, 「성과 평가 자료」 is not being used as a pricing unit. It is the evidence the company used when deciding “whether or not to pay the bonus.” The content before 「근거로」 usually needs to support the following judgment, which is why data, facts, testimony, and research results commonly appear in this position.

The distinction becomes clearer when the three sentences are viewed together. 「기준으로」 asks “What is being used as the standard?” 「에 따라」 focuses on “What happens or what result is produced when the condition differs?” 「근거로」 explains “What is this judgment based on?” For this reason, both 「성과를 기준으로 평가하다」 and 「성과에 따라 평가하다」 may be possible in some contexts, but the former more directly identifies the evaluation standard, while the latter emphasizes carrying out the evaluation according to performance conditions. If you want to say “make a decision based on evaluation data,” however, 「평가 자료를 근거로 결정하다」 is closer to the intended meaning.

「기준으로」 in Korean Notices and Workplace Situations: Dates, Fees, and Sorting

Korean application notices, company documents, and fee explanations often state the relevant 「기준」 directly. For example, if an age requirement simply says “age 20 or older” without specifying which date is used for the calculation, someone whose birthday falls during the application period could receive a different result depending on the date used. Likewise, if a fee says “how much per person,” it is necessary to clarify whether the calculation is based on the number of people, the number of rooms, or the amount of usage. This is why expressions such as 「접수 마감일 기준」「1인 기준」「매출액을 기준으로」 are common: they state the relevant date, pricing unit, or sorting method directly. In everyday conversation, the sentence does not always need to be this complete. 「어떤 기준으로요?」 can simply ask “By what standard?” while 「제 기준으로는…」 brings 「기준」 back to personal judgment and means something close to “by my standards.”

▌Situation ①｜Asking How an Event Fee Is Calculated

A：참가비는 어떻게 계산해요?
　　cham-ga-bi-neun eo-tteo-ke gye-san-hae-yo?
　　How is the participation fee calculated?

B：참가비는 1인 기준 이만 원이에요.
　　cham-ga-bi-neun il-in gi-jun i-man wo-ni-e-yo.
　　The participation fee is 20,000 won per person.

📌 Grammar Point: 「1인 기준」 is a common shortened form used in fee tables, plan descriptions, and price explanations. It directly indicates that the amount is calculated for one person. In conversation, you can also say 「한 사람을 기준으로 계산해요」, but if you simply want to say “20,000 won per person,” 「1인 기준 이만 원이에요」 is more concise. Here, 「기준」 is not comparing who pays more. It explains which unit is used to calculate the price.

▌Situation ②｜Confirming How Data Should Be Sorted at Work

A：이 자료는 어떤 기준으로 정리할까요?
　　i ja-ryo-neun eo-tteon gi-jun-eu-ro jeong-ni-hal-kka-yo?
　　What standard should we use to organize this data?

B：매출액을 기준으로 높은 순서부터 정리해 주세요.
　　mae-chu-rae-geul gi-jun-eu-ro no-peun sun-seo-bu-teo jeong-ni-hae ju-se-yo.
　　Please organize it from highest to lowest based on sales revenue.

📌 Grammar Point: 「어떤 기준으로」 directly asks “by what standard?” when the criterion has not yet been established. In the answer, the specific item is inserted into 「N을/를 기준으로」. 「매출액을 기준으로」 means that although the data may contain different fields such as store name, sales volume, and number of orders, sales revenue is the criterion being used for this particular sort. If you change it to 「판매량을 기준으로」, the sorting criterion becomes sales volume.

▌Situation ③｜Confirming Which Date Is Used to Calculate Eligibility

A：나이는 어느 날짜를 기준으로 계산하나요?
　　na-i-neun eo-neu nal-jja-reul gi-jun-eu-ro gye-san-ha-na-yo?
　　Which date is used as the basis for calculating age?

B：접수 마감일을 기준으로 계산합니다.
　　jeop-su ma-gam-i-reul gi-jun-eu-ro gye-san-ham-ni-da.
　　It is calculated based on the application deadline.

📌 Grammar Point: Eligibility requirements such as age, period of residence, and years of employment change over time, so notices usually need to specify a date as the basis for calculation. 「접수 마감일을 기준으로」 sets the application deadline as that reference point, so the applicant’s age is not recalculated according to the date on which someone happens to view the information. Notices and tables also commonly omit the particle and verb and simply write 「접수 마감일 기준」, which still means “as of the application deadline” or “based on the application deadline.”

Cultural Notes:

1. Korean notices, price tables, and condition fields often use shortened forms such as 「○○일 기준」 and 「1인 기준」. 「기준으로」 can originally appear in a full sentence such as 「접수 마감일을 기준으로 계산합니다」, but tables often shorten it to 「접수 마감일 기준」 when conditions need to be presented quickly. So when you see 「2026년 9월 1일 기준」, you can understand it as “as of September 1, 2026” or “based on September 1, 2026.” It does not need to be treated as a separate grammar pattern.
2. 「기준」 does not have to refer to company rules or official conditions. It can also refer to an individual’s way of judging something. 「제 기준으로는 괜찮아요」 means “By my standards, it is fine.” Here, 「제」 is the contracted form of 「저의」, while 「으로는」 establishes the scope “as far as this standard is concerned.” The sentence usually retains a degree of subjectivity. It does not mean everyone necessarily thinks it is fine; it means the current evaluation reflects only the speaker’s own standards.
3. 「어떤 기준으로」 and 「N을/를 기준으로」 naturally form a question-and-answer pair. 「어떤 기준으로 정해요?」 asks which criterion is being used, while 「가격을 기준으로 정해요」 fills that position with 「가격」. Notices often state the criterion directly from the beginning, whereas workplace conversations are more likely to include questions such as 「어떤 기준으로요?」「무슨 기준이에요?」 to first confirm whether the task should be handled according to price, time, grades, or some other condition.

Understanding Korean 「기준으로」 Through Japanese 「〜を基準に／〜を基準として」

Korean 「N을/를 기준으로」 and Japanese 「Nを基準に／Nを基準として」 are very similar in usage. Both first select a noun as the standard used for the following judgment, classification, calculation, or comparison. For example, Korean 「가격을 기준으로」 can correspond to Japanese 「価格を基準に」, and 「접수일을 기준으로」 can correspond to 「申込日を基準として」. In Chinese, both are generally translated as “以……為基準” or “按照……來判斷,” so the basic concept of this Korean-Japanese correspondence is not difficult to understand. The main differences lie in how each language connects the expression grammatically and in how Japanese 「〜を基準に」 and 「〜を基準として」 feel in actual sentences.

◆ Korean 「기준으로」 and Japanese 「〜を基準に／〜を基準として」: Both Use the Preceding Noun as a Standard for Judgment

Japanese 「〜を基準に」 corresponds most directly to Korean 「N을/를 기준으로」. In both languages, nouns such as price, age, date, score, and quantity can be attached before the expression, after which the sentence explains which standard is used for sorting, classifying, or calculating. 「〜を基準として」 has essentially the same meaning, but the form is more complete than 「〜を基準に」 and is more easily found in systems, rules, reports, or formal explanations. When interpreting them, you do not need to treat the two Japanese forms as completely separate grammar points. First check whether the preceding noun is being used as the standard for the following action.

• Example:  価格を基準に商品を並べました。
  Kana: かかくをきじゅんにしょうひんをならべました。
  Translation: I arranged the products based on price.
  「価格」 is the standard used to arrange the products, and the usage is very similar to Korean 「가격을 기준으로 상품을 정렬했어요」. Both sentences answer the question, “What standard were the products arranged by?”
• Example:  年齢を基準に参加者を二つのグループに分けました。
  Kana: ねんれいをきじゅんにさんかしゃをふたつのグループにわけました。
  Translation: I divided the participants into two groups based on age.
  Here, 「年齢」 determines how the groups are formed and can be compared with Korean 「나이를 기준으로 참가자를 두 그룹으로 나눴어요」. Both 「〜を基準に」 and 「기준으로」 place age directly in the position of the classification criterion.
• Example:  申込日を基準として年齢を計算します。
  Kana: もうしこみびをきじゅんとしてねんれいをけいさんします。
  Translation: Age is calculated based on the application date.
  「申込日」 is specified as the date used to calculate age and can be compared with Korean 「신청일을 기준으로 나이를 계산합니다」. 「〜を基準として」 is slightly more complete than 「〜を基準に」, so it sounds natural in eligibility rules, application instructions, and formal documents.

◆ The Difference Between Korean 「기준으로」 and Japanese 「〜を基準に／〜を基準として」:

The concepts are quite similar in these two languages. The main difference is the grammatical attachment pattern. Korean usually uses 「noun＋을/를 기준으로」, as in 「가격을 기준으로」. Japanese uses 「noun＋を基準に」 or 「noun＋を基準として」, as in 「価格を基準に」. Japanese also has forms such as 「〜を基準にして」, which still mean that the preceding noun is used as the standard for the following action. When you encounter these expressions, first identify which noun is determining the sorting, classification, or calculation that follows, then look at Korean 「을/를」 or Japanese 「を」. This makes the sentence structure easier to see than simply memorizing the Chinese translation “以……為基準.”

What Korean 「기준으로」 most often deals with is essentially the question of “what is being used to judge something.” Price can be used for sorting, scores can be used for selecting people, age can be used for grouping, and a particular date can become the starting point for calculating eligibility or time differences. As long as the preceding noun is genuinely being used as the criterion for the following action, 「N을/를 기준으로」 will usually sound natural. Short forms such as 「○○일 기준」 and 「1인 기준」 found in notices or fee tables express the same concept; they simply shorten the sentence into a form better suited to tables and condition descriptions. The main point to watch is that when Chinese uses “按照” or “根據,” you should not immediately translate every case as 「기준으로」. 「에 따라」 can also describe handling something according to a condition, rule, or situation and is often used when results vary with those conditions. 「근거로」 is closer to using data, facts, or reasons to support a conclusion. To distinguish them, look directly at the role the preceding content plays in the sentence: use 「기준으로」 when it functions as a standard, 「에 따라」 when the sentence describes following a condition, and 「근거로」 when it needs to explain what a judgment is based on. This approach is closer to how Korean actually works than memorizing all three as the Chinese word “根據.”

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