目錄
In Korean formal documents, the most common expressions for listing items and indicating inclusion are not the everyday conversational forms 「와/과」 or 「하고」, but 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」. All four may be translated into Chinese with words around the meanings of “和, 等, 包括,” but once they appear in notices, application forms, reports, or regulatory provisions, their roles are clearly divided. 「및」 places items in parallel, 「등」 follows examples and leaves the scope open, 「포함하여」 explicitly counts a particular item as part of the whole, and 「비롯하여」 first brings forward a representative item before extending to other members of the same category.
The genuinely difficult part of these expressions is determining whether the scope has been fully fixed. Formal documents often place several of them in the same sentence, such as 「성명, 연락처, 자격증 등」 and 「수집 및 이용」. If they are all mechanically rendered in Chinese as “以及” or “等等,” it becomes easy to miss the distinctions the document is making between “everything has been listed,” “other items remain after the examples,” and “a particular item is explicitly included.”
How Are Items Listed in Korean Formal Documents? Understanding 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」
「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 all appear frequently in Korean formal documents, but their functions do not overlap. 「및」 simply places items in parallel; 「등」 adds “etc.” after a list; 「포함하여」 directly indicates that a particular item is included; and 「비롯하여」 carries the nuance of “starting with a particular item” or “including that item first and then extending outward.”
| Expression | Core function in formal documents | Common Chinese translation | Sense of scope |
| 「및」 | Includes the items before and after it together | 及、以及、和 | Both preceding and following items apply |
| 「등」 | Adds “etc.” after examples or items of the same type | 等、等等 | Other items may remain; in some contexts it may also be a limited list |
| 「포함하여／포함한」 | Explicitly states that an item belongs within the overall scope | 包括、包含在內 | The named item definitely counts as included |
| 「비롯하여／비롯한」 | Brings forward a representative or first item, then extends to other members | 以……為首、包括……在內 | The preceding item is singled out first, with other similar members following |
If all you need is “and” between nouns, it is worth going back to the Korean coordinating particles 와/과, 하고, and 랑/이랑 first. 「및」 in formal documents has a narrower role: the emphasis is not on conversational nuance but on treating two or more items as simultaneously applicable.
Korean 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 Attachment Rules: What Comes Before and After Them in Formal Documents?
Although 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 all appear frequently in listing structures, they attach differently. 「및」 is an adverb placed between two items of the same type, with the basic pattern 「A 및 B」. 「등」 is a dependent noun and most commonly follows a noun or a series of listed items; particles such as 「이／가」「을／를」「의」 can then follow it. 「포함하여」 and 「비롯하여」 come from the verbs 「포함하다」 and 「비롯하다」, and the preceding item is generally marked with 「을／를」 to identify what is included or what is being brought forward first. When directly modifying a following noun, they change to 「포함한」 and 「비롯한」.
| Expression | Common pattern | Example | Note |
| 「및」 | A＋및＋B | 수집 및 이용 | A and B are usually the same type or level of constituent, and spaces are required on both sides of 「및」 |
| 「등」 | Noun＋등／A, B, C＋등 | 신청서, 신분증 등 | 「등」 is a dependent noun, so it is spaced from what comes before it; particles may follow it |
| 「등」 | V-는＋등 | 자료를 검토하는 등 | In addition to noun lists, it can follow 「-는」 to list actions |
| 「포함하여」 | N을/를＋포함하여＋clause | 세금을 포함하여 계산하다 | The preceding noun is definitely included within the following scope |
| 「포함한」 | N을/를＋포함한＋noun | 세금을 포함한 총액 | 「포함한」 directly modifies the following noun |
| 「비롯하여」 | N을/를＋비롯하여＋clause | 서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역 | The preceding item is brought forward first, then extended to other members of the same type |
| 「비롯한」 | N을/를＋비롯한＋noun | 위원장을 비롯한 관계자 | 「비롯한」 directly modifies the following collective noun |
Attaching 「및」｜Use 「A 및 B」 to Connect Items at the Same Level
「및」 is placed between two constituents of the same type in the form 「A 및 B」. A and B may be nouns, or Sino-Korean words such as 「수집」 and 「이용」 that function as nouns. Combinations such as 「신청 및 접수」「수집 및 이용」「교육 및 연구」 are common in formal documents, with the two items on either side belonging to the same level.
「및」 is not a particle, so its spacing differs from 「와／과」. It should be written 「신청 및 접수」, not attached to the preceding noun as 「신청및 접수」. If a shared particle or noun follows, it normally comes after the entire 「A 및 B」 group, as in 「수집 및 이용에」 and 「교육 및 연구 활동」.
- Example: 신청서 및 증빙 서류를 제출해야 합니다.
Romanization: sin-cheong-seo mit jeung-bing seo-ryu-reul je-chul-hae-ya ham-ni-da.
Translation: You must submit the application form and supporting documents.
「신청서」 and 「증빙 서류」 are two document items at the same level and are connected directly by 「및」. The following 「를」 attaches to 「증빙 서류」, and the sentence as a whole indicates that both types of documents are submission requirements. - Example: 개인정보의 수집 및 이용에 동의합니다.
Romanization: gae-in-jeong-bo-ui su-jip mit i-yong-e dong-ui-ham-ni-da.
Translation: I consent to the collection and use of personal information.
「수집」 and 「이용」 both take the following 「에」, producing 「수집 및 이용에」. This structure is extremely common in personal-information consent forms. - Example: 교육 및 연구 활동을 지원합니다.
Romanization: gyo-yuk mit yeon-gu hwal-dong-eul ji-won-ham-ni-da.
Translation: We support educational and research activities.
Here, 「교육」 and 「연구」 jointly modify the following 「활동」. This is therefore not a three-item list of 「교육 및 연구 및 활동」, but a structure corresponding to “educational activities and research activities.”
Attaching 「등」｜Nouns or Lists＋「등」, with Particles Still Able to Follow
「등」 most commonly follows a noun or a series of listed items directly, as in 「신청서 등」 and 「성명, 연락처, 이메일 등」. Because 「등」 is a dependent noun, it must be spaced from what precedes it: write 「서류 등」, not 「서류등」.
Particles can follow 「등」 just as they can follow ordinary nouns, which is why forms such as 「등이」「등을」「등의」「등으로」 are very common in formal documents. For example, 「신청서 등을 제출하다」 treats the listed items as the object, while 「성명, 연락처 등의 정보」 uses 「등의」 to modify the following 「정보」. 「등」 can also follow 「-는」 to list actions, as in 「자료를 검토하는 등 필요한 절차를 진행하다」.
- Example: 신청서, 신분증 사본, 자격증 등을 제출해야 합니다.
Romanization: sin-cheong-seo, sin-bun-jeung sa-bon, ja-gyeok-jeung deung-eul je-chul-hae-ya ham-ni-da.
Translation: You must submit the application form, a copy of your ID, certificates, and similar documents.
Several documents are listed first, after which the object particle 「을」 follows 「등」 to form 「등을 제출하다」. Here, 「등」 cannot be written attached to the preceding 「자격증」. - Example: 성명, 연락처 등의 정보를 수집합니다.
Romanization: seong-myeong, yeol-lak-cheo deung-ui jeong-bo-reul su-jip-ham-ni-da.
Translation: We collect information such as your name and contact details.
「등의」 is 「등＋의」, and the entire group 「성명, 연락처 등」 goes on to modify 「정보」. In formal documents, 「A, B 등의 N」 can first be read as “N of types such as A and B.” - Example: 관련 자료를 검토하는 등 필요한 절차를 진행합니다.
Romanization: gwan-ryeon ja-ryo-reul geom-to-ha-neun deung pi-ryo-han jeol-cha-reul jin-haeng-ham-ni-da.
Translation: We carry out the necessary procedures, such as reviewing the relevant materials.
Here, 「등」 does not follow a noun; instead, 「검토하다」 becomes 「검토하는」 before 「등」 is added. The sentence presents “reviewing the relevant materials” as one action and then extends to other necessary procedures that are not individually listed.
Attaching 「포함하여／포함한」｜「N을/를 포함하여」 Continues into a Clause, While 「N을/를 포함한」 Modifies a Noun
Because 「포함하다」 itself is a verb, the item being included is normally marked with 「을／를」. When a complete clause follows, 「N을/를 포함하여＋clause」 is common. When directly modifying a noun, the form changes to 「N을/를 포함한＋noun」.
For example, in 「세금을 포함하여 계산합니다」, 「세금」 is the item being included, while the following 「계산합니다」 is the main action of the sentence. In 「세금을 포함한 총액」, there is no separate complete clause afterward; instead, 「포함한」 directly modifies 「총액」. Formal documents also frequently shift to the perspective of the included item and use 「포함되다」, producing the pattern 「N이/가 포함되어 있다」.
- Example: 경력증명서를 포함하여 관련 서류를 제출해야 합니다.
Romanization: gyeong-nyeok-jeung-myeong-seo-reul po-ham-ha-yeo gwan-ryeon seo-ryu-reul je-chul-hae-ya ham-ni-da.
Translation: You must submit the relevant documents, including proof of work experience.
「를」 follows 「경력증명서」, followed by 「포함하여」. The sentence already confirms that the work-experience certificate belongs within the following 「관련 서류」 before stating that these documents must be submitted. - Example: 세금과 수수료를 포함한 총액입니다.
Romanization: se-geum-gwa su-su-ryo-reul po-ham-han chong-aeg-im-ni-da.
Translation: This is the total amount including taxes and fees.
The entire group 「세금과 수수료」 is included, so 「를」 follows the final noun 「수수료」, and 「포함한」 then modifies 「총액」. - Example: 해당 금액에는 세금이 포함되어 있습니다.
Romanization: hae-dang geu-mae-ge-neun se-geum-i po-ham-doe-eo it-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Tax is included in the stated amount.
This version is written from the perspective of 「세금」 as the item being included, so it uses 「세금이 포함되어 있습니다」. This passive structure is also common when a formal document directly states that something has already been included in a price, fee, or scope.
Attaching 「비롯하여／비롯한」｜「N을/를 비롯하여」 Leads into the Whole, While 「N을/를 비롯한」 Modifies the Following Members
The use of 「비롯하다」 discussed in this article means “to bring forward the preceding item first and then include the other members as well,” and its basic attachment pattern resembles that of 「포함하다」. When followed by a complete clause, use 「N을/를 비롯하여＋clause」; when directly modifying a noun, use 「N을/를 비롯한＋noun」.
For example, 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역에서」 first brings forward Seoul and then extends to other regions, while in 「위원장을 비롯한 관계자」, 「비롯한」 directly modifies 「관계자」. The particle before it is still 「을／를」, so the correct forms are 「서울을 비롯하여」 and 「위원장을 비롯한」; you cannot simply write 「서울 비롯하여」.
- Example: 서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in multiple regions, including Seoul.
「을」 first follows 「서울」, followed by 「비롯하여」. Seoul is one of the regions brought forward first, while the following 「여러 지역」 represents the overall scope. - Example: 위원장을 비롯한 관계자들이 회의에 참석했습니다.
Romanization: wi-won-jang-eul bi-ro-tan gwan-gye-ja-deu-ri hoe-ui-e cham-seok-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Relevant personnel, including the committee chair, attended the meeting.
「비롯한」 directly modifies 「관계자들」, so the entire phrase 「위원장을 비롯한 관계자들」 functions as the subject. - Example: 김 교수와 이 교수를 비롯한 총 8명의 전문가가 참석했습니다.
Romanization: gim gyo-su-wa i gyo-su-reul bi-ro-tan chong yeo-deol-myeong-ui jeon-mun-ga-ga cham-seok-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: A total of eight experts attended, including Professor Kim and Professor Lee.
When two people are listed first, 「를」 follows the final noun 「이 교수」, forming 「김 교수와 이 교수를 비롯한」. The following 「총 8명」 is the total number including those two people.
「비롯하다」 also has the meaning “to arise from” or “to originate in.” For example, 「오해에서 비롯하다」 means “to arise from a misunderstanding.” In this use, the preceding particle is 「에서／에게서／로부터」, and it is not the same construction as 「N을/를 비롯하여」 meaning “including…” in formal documents. When you encounter 「비롯하다」, checking the preceding particle first helps distinguish whether the sentence is describing an origin or listing members.
Korean 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 Usage: How to Distinguish Coordination, Listing, and Inclusion
Using 「및」｜Include Both the Preceding and Following Items
「및」 corresponds to formal written “and” or “as well as,” and what comes before and after it is normally a noun, noun phrase, or action at the same level. The National Institute of Korean Language explains 「및」 very directly as meaning 「그리고」, which means that both items are included. 「수집 및 이용」 does not mean “collection or use,” but “collection and use.”
- Example: 신청서 및 증빙 서류를 제출해야 합니다.
Romanization: sin-cheong-seo mit jeung-bing seo-ryu-reul je-chul-hae-ya ham-ni-da
Translation: You must submit the application form and supporting documents.
「및」 places the two types of documents in parallel and does not indicate a choice between them. - Example: 개인정보의 수집 및 이용에 동의합니다.
Romanization: gae-in-jeong-bo-ui su-jip mit i-yong-e dong-ui-ham-ni-da
Translation: I consent to the collection and use of personal information.
This structure is very common in application forms and consent forms; both 「수집」 and 「이용」 belong to the same processing scope. - Example: 교육 및 연구 활동을 지원합니다.
Romanization: gyo-yuk mit yeon-gu hwal-dong-eul ji-won-ham-ni-da
Translation: We support educational and research activities.
The two activities are coordinated, and the tone is more appropriate for reports, notices, and policy explanations than everyday 「하고」.
Using 「등」｜Means “Etc.” After a List, but Does Not Always Indicate an Open-Ended List
「등」 is a dependent noun. Its most common use is after a noun or a list to indicate that other items of the same type may exist. When you see 「A, B, C 등」 in a formal document, the first natural interpretation is “A, B, C, etc.” However, 「등」 has another dictionary meaning: after two or more items are listed, it may also indicate a scope limited to those objects. Therefore, in laws, eligibility requirements, or examination regulations, you cannot look at 「등」 alone and immediately conclude that “other unlisted items are definitely included.”
- Example: 수집·이용 항목: 소속, 성명, 연락처, 자격증 등.
Romanization: su-jip i-yong hang-mok so-sok, seong-myeong, yeon-rak-cheo, ja-gyeok-jeung deung
Translation: Items collected and used: affiliation, name, contact information, certificates, etc.
「등」 appears at the end of the list, after several concrete items. Other content of the same type may not have been exhaustively listed. - Example: 문장 부호: 마침표, 물음표, 느낌표, 쉼표 등.
Romanization: mun-jang bu-ho ma-chim-pyo, mu-reum-pyo, neu-kkim-pyo, swim-pyo deung
Translation: Punctuation marks: periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, etc.
This is a typical example-based use of 「등」, with only some members of the category listed. - Example: 신청서, 신분증 사본 등이 포함됩니다.
Romanization: sin-cheong-seo, sin-bun-jeung sa-bon deung-i po-ham-doem-ni-da
Translation: The contents include the application form, a copy of your ID, and similar documents.
「등」 itself handles the listing, while 「포함됩니다」 then states that those items belong within the overall scope.
「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」: How to Judge the Difference Between Listing and Inclusion Scope
When translated into Chinese, 「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 can all end up as expressions such as “等, 包括, 包含在內,” but the relationships they express are different. 「등」 follows a list, with the focus on which items have been listed; whether the scope extends further must be determined from the surrounding context. 「포함하여」 directly places the preceding item inside a larger whole, making it clear that the item belongs to the following scope. 「비롯하여」 also includes the preceding item, but that item is presented first and then used to lead into other members of the same type. If all three are simply translated as “包括” in formal documents, this distinction is the easiest one to lose.
| Comparison: 「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 | |||
| Basic meaning | 等、等等 | 包括……在內 | 以……為首、包括……在內 |
| Is the preceding item definitely included in the whole? | Depends on the complete sentence | Yes | Yes |
| Does it indicate that other items of the same type remain? | Commonly, but this cannot be determined from 「등」 alone | Not necessarily | Usually |
| Is the preceding item specially brought forward? | No | No | Yes |
| Main relationship expressed | Scope of listing | Inclusion relationship between member and whole | Brings the preceding item forward first, then extends to other members |
| Common location in formal documents | Item lists, eligibility conditions, category listings | Document scope, costs, data items, applicable subjects | People, regions, institutions, or groups of similar members |
| Common Chinese translation | 等、等等、之類 | 包括、包含在內 | 包括……在內、以……為首 |
| Example | 서울, 부산, 대구 등 여러 지역 | 서울을 포함하여 여러 지역 | 서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역 |
| Nuance of the example | Lists regions such as Seoul, Busan, and Daegu | Explicitly states that Seoul is among the regions | Brings up Seoul first, then extends to other regions |
▌「등」 vs 「포함하여」｜Listing What Items There Are vs Explicitly Counting One Item as Part of the Whole
The biggest difference between 「등」 and 「포함하여」 is whether the sentence directly confirms that the preceding item belongs to the whole. 「등」 appears at the end of a list and first tells the reader what items have been named, but 「등」 itself cannot always be understood as meaning “there must definitely be something else afterward.” In ordinary lists, it often indicates that other items of the same type remain; in rules, eligibility requirements, or sentences where a total number has already been specified, it may instead keep the scope within the objects already listed.
「포함하여」 is different. Once the structure is 「A를 포함하여 B」, A has been explicitly placed inside the scope of B. What else B contains must be determined from the rest of the sentence, but there is little doubt about whether A itself is a member.
- Example: 수집 항목은 성명, 연락처, 자격증 등입니다.
Romanization: su-jip hang-mo-geun seong-myeong, yeol-lak-cheo, ja-gyeok-jeung deung-im-ni-da.
Translation: The collected items include names, contact details, certificates, and so on.
「등」 follows the list, after several concrete items have been named. It is natural here to understand that there may be other similar data, but the actual scope of collection still depends on the complete item description in the document. - Example: 연락처를 포함하여 필요한 정보를 수집합니다.
Romanization: yeol-lak-cheo-reul po-ham-ha-yeo pi-ryo-han jeong-bo-reul su-jip-ham-ni-da.
Translation: We collect the necessary information, including contact details.
This sentence directly confirms that 「연락처」 forms part of the collected information. The point is not that contact information is merely an example, but that it is included within the following scope.
▌「등」 vs 「비롯하여」｜Listing Similar Items vs Bringing One Item Forward Before Extending Outward
When 「등」 lists several similar items, the preceding items are usually on the same level, without any need to place one of them specially at the front. 「서울, 부산, 대구 등」 simply lists several regions in sequence; the sentence itself does not say that Seoul is more important than the others.
「비롯하여」, by contrast, selects one member first and then extends from that member to other items of the same type. In 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역」, Seoul is definitely included in 「여러 지역」 and is also brought forward at the beginning of the expression. This does not mean that the other regions are subordinate to Seoul, nor does it necessarily mean that Seoul is the most important region. It simply means that the list begins with Seoul.
- Example: 서울, 부산, 대구 등 여러 지역에서 설명회가 열렸습니다.
Romanization: seo-ul, bu-san, dae-gu deung yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-ga yeol-lyeot-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions were held in several regions, including Seoul, Busan, and Daegu.
The three regions are listed together, with 「등」 following them to mark the group as a list. Seoul is not separately singled out here. - Example: 서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역에서 설명회가 열렸습니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-ga yeol-lyeot-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions were held in multiple regions, including Seoul.
Seoul is brought forward first, after which 「비롯하여」 connects it to other regions. The sentence confirms that Seoul is one of those regions, but does not list the other regions individually.
▌「포함하여」 vs 「비롯하여」｜Confirming the Preceding Item Is in the Scope vs Bringing It Forward First and Then Extending to Other Members
「포함하여」 and 「비롯하여」 are the easiest pair to confuse because both can confirm that the preceding item belongs to the following whole. Both 「서울을 포함하여 여러 지역」 and 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역」 include Seoul, so the difference is not whether Seoul counts.
「포함하여」 only needs to express an inclusion relationship—A is inside B. 「비롯하여」, however, brings A forward first and then extends from A to other members. If a formal document simply needs to confirm whether a certain fee, document, or subject is included in a scope, 「포함하여」 is very direct. When many people, regions, or institutions are involved and the sentence first highlights one of them before continuing, 「비롯하여」 is very common.
- Example: 서울을 포함하여 총 5개 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul po-ham-ha-yeo chong da-seot-gae ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in a total of five regions, including Seoul.
The point is that Seoul is one of the five regions. 「포함하여」 confirms that Seoul counts toward the total without separately emphasizing Seoul as the starting point for introducing the other regions. - Example: 서울을 비롯한 여러 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul bi-ro-tan yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in multiple regions, including Seoul.
Seoul is brought forward first and then extended to other regions that are not individually listed. 「비롯한」 expresses not only inclusion but also preserves the ordering in which “this item is mentioned first.”
▌Same Meaning of “Holding Information Sessions in Multiple Regions,” Different Scope with All Three Forms
Suppose a notice needs to explain that an event will be held in multiple regions. 「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 may all appear, but the information conveyed differs. 「등」 is suitable for directly listing several regions, 「포함하여」 for confirming that a particular region definitely counts within the whole, and 「비롯하여」 for bringing one region forward first and then extending to other members that are not individually written out.
- Example: 서울, 부산, 대구 등 여러 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul, bu-san, dae-gu deung yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in several regions, including Seoul, Busan, and Daegu.
This sentence directly lists several regions. 「등」 keeps the sequence as a list, but the complete scope still depends on other content in the notice. - Example: 서울을 포함하여 총 5개 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul po-ham-ha-yeo chong da-seot-gae ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in a total of five regions, including Seoul.
The emphasis is on the fact that Seoul is definitely included among the five regions, and 「총 5개」 directly states the total. - Example: 서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo seol-myeong-hoe-reul gae-choe-ham-ni-da.
Translation: Information sessions will be held in multiple regions, including Seoul.
Seoul also counts as part of the whole, but the sentence first brings Seoul forward and then extends to the other regions. It does not directly state the total number of regions.
How Are 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 Used in Korean Notices, Application Forms, and Reports? Three Common Situations
In Korean formal documents, 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 often appear with field names, attachment lists, personnel, or scopes of application. Personal-information consent forms commonly contain 「수집 및 이용」, followed by 「등」 to list information such as names and contact details. When application documents need to state that a particular item definitely belongs within the submission scope, 「포함하여」 appears. In reports, speeches, or event records, 「비롯하여」 often brings forward one person, region, or organization before continuing to other similar members. When reading such sentences, first determine whether they are coordinating items, listing a scope, or explicitly counting a preceding item as part of the following whole.
▌Situation ①｜A Personal-Information Consent Form Uses Both 「및」 and 「등」
Document：개인정보 수집 및 이용 항목: 성명, 연락처, 이메일 등.
gae-in-jeong-bo su-jip mit i-yong hang-mok: seong-myeong, yeol-lak-cheo, i-me-il deung.
Personal-information collection and use items: name, contact details, email address, etc.
📌 Usage point：In this sentence, 「및」 and 「등」 do different jobs. 「수집 및 이용」 places 「수집」 and 「이용」 in parallel, showing that the document deals with both activities rather than requiring a choice between them. The following 「성명, 연락처, 이메일 등」 first lists several types of data and then closes the sequence with 「등」. In ordinary reading, 「등」 easily suggests that other similar items may follow, but the actual collection scope in a formal document still depends on whether the same document separately provides a complete list. 「등」 alone is not enough to decide.
▌Situation ②｜An Application Document Uses 「포함하여」 to Show That a Particular Document Must Be Included in the Submission Scope
Document：경력증명서를 포함하여 관련 서류를 제출해야 합니다.
gyeong-nyeok-jeung-myeong-seo-reul po-ham-ha-yeo gwan-ryeon seo-ryu-reul je-chul-hae-ya ham-ni-da.
You must submit the relevant documents, including proof of work experience.
📌 Usage point：「경력증명서를 포함하여」 explicitly places 「경력증명서」 inside the following 「관련 서류」. The certificate is therefore not merely an incidental example; the sentence directly states that it belongs within the submission scope. When you see 「A를 포함하여 B」 in a formal document, you can first read it as “B definitely contains A.” What else B includes must be checked in other lists or provisions. 「포함하여」 itself is responsible for bringing the preceding item into the whole, not for stating whether the entire list has been exhaustively given.
▌Situation ③｜An Event Report Uses 「비롯하여」 to Mention One Member First and Then Extend to Others
Report：위원장을 비롯한 여러 관계자가 참석했습니다.
wi-won-jang-eul bi-ro-tan yeo-reo gwan-gye-ja-ga cham-seok-haet-seum-ni-da.
Several relevant personnel attended the event, including the committee chair.
📌 Usage point：In 「위원장을 비롯한 여러 관계자」, the committee chair is definitely one of the attendees, but the sentence first brings forward 「위원장」 and then continues to other 「여러 관계자」 who are not individually listed. This is not exactly the same as simply saying 「위원장을 포함한 관계자」. 「포함한」 only needs to state that the chair is part of the group, whereas 「비롯한」 also retains the sense of starting with the chair and then extending to other members. However, 「비롯한」 does not automatically mean that the preceding item is the highest-ranking or most representative member; whether it has that status depends on the document itself.
Additional usage notes：
- 「및」 and 「등」 often appear in the same sentence, but the fact that they are close together does not make them the same type of listing device. In 「성명, 연락처 및 이메일 등」, 「및」 connects the listed items, while 「등」 follows the entire list. When reading this structure, first treat the items on either side of 「및」 as being on the same level, then deal with the final 「등」. If the document also states a total number, limiting condition, or wording such as “limited to the following items,” that information must also be included when determining the scope.
- 「포함하여」 and 「비롯하여」 can both establish that the preceding item has already been counted as part of the following whole, so their difference is not “whether inclusion exists.” Both 「서울을 포함하여 여러 지역」 and 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역」 indicate that Seoul is one of the regions. The former only needs to state that Seoul is included, while the latter first brings Seoul forward and then extends to the other regions. If a formal document merely needs to confirm whether a particular document, fee, or data item is included in a scope, 「포함하여」 is usually more direct. When there are many names, regions, or institutions and the sentence first highlights one item, 「비롯하여」 is more likely to appear.
- 「등」 is the expression least suited to being interpreted outside its context. The National Institute of Korean Language itself lists two uses for 「등」: one indicating that there are other items of the same type, and another in which two or more objects are listed and the scope is placed on those objects. Therefore, when you see 「신청서, 신분증, 자격증 등」, you can first identify it as a list, but if the sentence appears in eligibility restrictions, laws, or descriptions of required documents, you still need to check the surrounding provisions for totals, limiting words, or other explanations. In formal documents, what ultimately matters is how the entire sentence defines the scope, not memorizing one fixed Chinese equivalent for 「등」.
How Do Korean 「및／등／포함하여／비롯하여」 Compare with Japanese 「及び／など／〜を含めて／〜をはじめとして」?
Korean formal-document expressions 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 all have functionally similar forms in Japanese. 「및」 can often be compared with 「及び」 for connecting items at the same level; 「등」 and 「など」 both frequently follow lists; 「포함하여」 and 「〜を含めて」 both clearly place an item within a whole; and 「비롯하여」 is close to 「〜をはじめとして」 in that both bring forward a preceding item before extending to other members of the same type. However, these correspondences are only useful for understanding sentence arrangement and scope relationships. Especially in notices, contracts, or laws, a Korean form should not automatically be replaced with one fixed Japanese form.
◆ Similar Expression ①：「및」 Compared with Japanese 「及び」
The closest point between Japanese 「及び」 and Korean 「및」 is that both are commonly used in formal writing to connect items at the same level. Korean can use 「신청서 및 증빙 서류」, while Japanese can write 「申請書及び証明書類」. Neither represents a choice between two alternatives; both include the items on either side.
- Example: 申請書及び本人確認書類を提出してください。
Kana: しんせいしょおよびほんにんかくにんしょるいをていしゅつしてください。
Translation: Please submit the application form and identity-verification documents.
「及び」 connects 「申請書」 and 「本人確認書類」, making its function very close to Korean 「신청서 및 본인 확인 서류」. Both are documents that must be submitted, not alternatives from which one is chosen. - Example: 個人情報の収集及び利用に同意します。
Kana: こじんじょうほうのしゅうしゅうおよびりようにどういします。
Translation: I consent to the collection and use of personal information.
This structure is very close to Korean 「개인정보의 수집 및 이용에 동의합니다」. 「収集」 and 「利用」 are placed at the same level and then jointly connect to the following 「に同意します」.
◆ Difference from 「및」：
「및」 and 「及び」 have very similar functions in ordinary formal documents and can both initially be understood as coordinating A and B. However, Japanese legal drafting further distinguishes the levels of a list through 「及び」 and 「並びに」. In actual statutes, not every 「및」 can therefore be mechanically replaced with 「及び」.
◆ Similar Expression ②：「등」 Compared with Japanese 「など」
Japanese 「など」 and Korean 「등」 both very commonly follow lists. For example, Korean 「성명, 주소, 연락처 등」 can be compared with Japanese 「氏名、住所、連絡先など」. In ordinary sentences, both easily convey the sense that the preceding items are examples and that other items of the same type may also exist.
- Example: 氏名、住所、電話番号などを記入してください。
Kana: しめい、じゅうしょ、でんわばんごうなどをきにゅうしてください。
Translation: Please enter your name, address, telephone number, and similar information.
「など」 appears at the end of the list and indicates that name, address, and telephone number are among the listed items. This arrangement is very similar to Korean 「성명, 주소, 전화번호 등을 기재해 주세요」 in ordinary documents. - Example: パスポートや身分証明書などが必要です。
Kana: ぱすぽーとやみぶんしょうめいしょなどがひつようです。
Translation: A passport, identification document, or similar document is required.
Japanese often uses 「や」 and 「など」 together, first listing some items and then indicating that the category is not limited to those two.
◆ Difference from 「등」：
The two cannot be treated as completely identical. In addition to indicating that other similar items remain, Korean 「등」 also has a dictionary-recognized use in which, after two or more objects are listed, the scope is restricted to those objects. Therefore, in formal regulations, seeing 「등」 does not automatically mean that it is equivalent to the open-ended Japanese listing marker 「など」. How broadly Korean 「등」 extends the scope still has to be determined from the complete sentence.
◆ Similar Expression ③：「포함하여」 Compared with Japanese 「〜を含めて」
Japanese 「〜を含めて」 and Korean 「N을/를 포함하여」 both clearly place the preceding item within the following whole. For example, 「서울을 포함하여 5개 지역」 and 「ソウルを含めて5地域」 both directly tell the reader that Seoul is counted within the total.
- Example: 税金を含めて合計金額を計算します。
Kana: ぜいきんをふくめてごうけいきんがくをけいさんします。
Translation: The total amount is calculated including tax.
「税金を含めて」 clearly indicates that tax is counted in the total, expressing the same inclusion relationship as Korean 「세금을 포함하여 총액을 계산합니다」. - Example: 東京を含めて全国5か所で説明会を開催します。
Kana: とうきょうをふくめてぜんこくごかしょでせつめいかいをかいさいします。
Translation: Information sessions will be held at five locations nationwide, including Tokyo.
「東京」 is definitely counted among the 「5か所」, making the scope relationship very close to Korean 「서울을 포함하여 총 5개 지역에서 설명회를 개최합니다」.
◆ Difference from 「포함하여」：
This pairing is relatively straightforward. Japanese 「含める」 itself means placing an item within a scope and treating it together with the rest, so both it and Korean 「포함하다」 can first be understood as “A is definitely inside B.” Neither form itself is responsible for fully listing what else the whole contains.
◆ Similar Expression ④：「비롯하여」 Compared with Japanese 「〜をはじめとして」
「비롯하여」 and Japanese 「〜をはじめとして」 are also closely related. Neither simply states that A is included in B; both first bring A forward and then use it to lead into other similar items. Korean 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역」 can be compared with 「東京をはじめとして各地で」, with attention first falling on the preceding item before extending to the wider whole.
- Example: 東京をはじめとして、全国各地でイベントが開催されました。
Kana: とうきょうをはじめとして、ぜんこくかくちでいべんとがかいさいされました。
Translation: Events were held throughout Japan, starting with Tokyo.
Tokyo is brought forward first, and 「をはじめとして」 then extends to other regions across the country. This arrangement is very close to Korean 「서울을 비롯하여 여러 지역에서 행사가 열렸습니다」. - Example: 社長をはじめとして、多くの社員が式典に参加しました。
Kana: しゃちょうをはじめとして、おおくのしゃいんがしきてんにさんかしました。
Translation: Many employees, including the company president, took part in the ceremony.
「社長」 is brought forward first and then extended to the other employees. Korean can similarly use 「사장을 비롯하여 많은 직원이 행사에 참석했습니다」 to express a comparable arrangement.
◆ Difference from 「비롯하여」：
Although the two forms are very close, the Japanese dictionary meaning of 「〜をはじめとして」 itself carries the sense of “a principal item or an item placed first among multiple objects.” Korean 「비롯하다」 also brings the preceding item forward first and then includes other members, but an actual sentence does not always require the preceding item to be interpreted as “the most important representative.” Using Japanese 「〜をはじめとして」 to remember the general direction of 「비롯하여」 is therefore fine, but when actually reading Korean, you still need to consider what role the preceding item plays in the original sentence.
The four pairs can first be remembered through the same set of relationships: 「및／及び」 coordinates items, 「등／など」 commonly appears after a list, 「포함하여／〜を含めて」 clearly confirms that an item is inside the whole, and 「비롯하여／〜をはじめとして」 brings forward one item before extending to other similar members. However, this comparison is useful for understanding sentences, not for producing word-for-word legal translations. In formal provisions, scope ultimately has to be determined from the complete sentence in each language.
When you encounter 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 in Korean formal documents, there is no need to rush to replace each one word-for-word with Chinese “以及,” “等等,” or “包括.” First check whether the items before and after the expression apply together, then whether a particular item has been explicitly counted as part of the whole. When you encounter 「등」, also go back and check whether the sentence contains clues such as “only,” “limited to,” or “total,” which can narrow the scope. Notices, application conditions, and regulatory provisions often differ precisely in these details.
Among them, 「등」 is the one whose scope is least safe to judge in isolation. The same word may be read differently in an ordinary list and in an eligibility rule. If the content concerns actual rights, obligations, or eligibility to apply, the surrounding context still needs to be checked. Reading Korean formal documents this way prevents 「및」「등」「포함하여」「비롯하여」 from all being flattened into the same Chinese “和, 等, 包括.”
FAQs
「및」 represents formal written “and” or “as well as,” and the items before and after it generally both apply. When you see 「A 및 B」, first understand it as including both A and B. To express a choice between alternatives, forms such as 「또는」 are normally used instead.
Not necessarily. 「등」 often indicates that other items of the same type remain, but dictionaries also record a use in which two or more objects are listed and the scope is then limited to those objects. The complete sentence and document context therefore still need to be considered.
The focus of 「포함하여」 is that an item is definitely included in the whole. 「비롯하여」 adds the effect of bringing the preceding item forward first as a representative item or starting point. 「비롯하여／비롯한」 is especially common in formal lists of people, regions, or representative organizations.
「총 8분」 means that the total is eight people, and the people already named before it are included in those eight. If the sentence may create ambiguity about the headcount, the National Institute of Korean Language also recommends stating the total directly in a form such as 「A 님, B 님을 비롯한 총 O분」.
It is not advisable to expand or narrow a legal scope based on 「등」 alone. The National Institute of Korean Language explicitly notes that 「등」 may function as either an example-based or limiting expression depending on the context. Where laws, eligibility, rights, or obligations are involved, the complete provision and the interpretation of the competent authority should still be used as the basis.