Korean banmal “반말” is not simply created by removing “요” from the end of a sentence. Saying “뭐 해?” between friends is completely ordinary, but using the same sentence with someone you have just met can immediately sound too familiar. What really matters is the relationship between the speakers, the situation, and which speech level was being used originally. The most common form of everyday “반말” is usually “해체,” while “해요 Style” keeps a polite distance toward the listener. Once these layers are separated, it also becomes easier to understand why forms such as “먹어요→먹어” and “갈 거예요→갈 거야” cannot all be handled by simply deleting “요.”

What Is Korean Banmal “반말”? Everyday Speech That Does Not Elevate the Listener

Korean “반말” generally refers to a way of speaking that does not use honorific speech to elevate the listener. It is common among family members, friends, romantic partners, or people who already know each other well, and some long-term coworkers may also use banmal in private. Banmal itself does not automatically mean rudeness. The problem usually arises when the relationship has not yet reached that level but one person unilaterally drops the polite speech.

The grammatical category “해체,” which often appears together with this topic, is one of the non-formal speech levels in the Korean relative honorific system. Forms such as “먹어,” “가,” “하지 마,” and “괜찮아” are common examples of “해체.” This is why Korean learning materials often discuss “반말” and “해체” together. However, the two terms are not exactly the same category: “반말” is closer to an everyday usage concept, while “해체” is a grammatical classification of sentence-ending forms.

• Example: 오늘 뭐 해?
  Romanization: o-neul mwo hae?
  Translation: What are you doing today?
  “해?” is a very typical “해체” question. It sounds natural between friends or in a relationship where both people already use banmal, while people who have just met would normally say “오늘 뭐 해요?” first.
• Example: 이 영화 진짜 재미있어.
  Romanization: i yeong-hwa jin-jja jae-mi-i-sseo.
  Translation: This movie is really good.
  “재미있어” directly states the speaker’s reaction without the polite distance created by “요,” making it suitable for close relationships.
• Example: 내일 조금 일찍 와.
  Romanization: nae-il jo-geum il-jjik wa.
  Translation: Come a little earlier tomorrow.
  “와” is the banmal command form of “오다.” It can sound completely ordinary between friends, but with someone you do not know well, it may sound like directly ordering them around.

Are Korean “반말” and “해체” the Same? Everyday Terminology vs. Grammatical Classification

In everyday Korean, what people call “반말” most commonly corresponds to the grammatical category “해체.” The National Institute of Korean Language also uses expressions such as “해체(반말)” when explaining forms like “거야,” “-어,” and “-지.” “반말” is the term commonly used in daily life, while “해체” is the grammatical label within the relative honorific system.

“해라체,” although it also does not elevate the listener, is a different speech style, with forms such as “간다,” “먹어라,” and “가느냐.” Therefore, everyday friend-to-friend forms such as “가,” “먹어,” and “괜찮아” can be understood as typical “해체／반말,” but not every form that fails to elevate the listener needs to be grouped together as “반말.”

Category	Representative Forms	Elevates Listener?	Style	Common Situations
해체	가／먹어／좋아	No	Non-formal, strongly conversational	Close friends, family, familiar people
해요 Style	가요／먹어요／좋아요	Yes	Non-formal but polite	First meetings, general coworkers, everyday service situations
해라체	간다／먹어라	No	Formal style, direct	Narrative writing, commands, certain hierarchical relationships
하십시오 Style	갑니다／먹습니다	Yes	Formal, explicit	Presentations, announcements, formal service situations

“밥 먹어?” and “밥 먹냐?” are both non-honorific, but they do not sound exactly the same. “먹어?” is ordinary “해체” used in conversations between friends. “먹냐?” carries the flavor of the “해라체” system and may sound more direct depending on the relationship and intonation. For beginners mainly learning natural conversation between friends, becoming familiar with “해체” first is more practical.

How Does Korean “반말” Change? Sentence Endings with “-아／어,” “-(이)야,” “-자,” and “-(으)ㄹ 거야”

Korean “반말” does not have one fixed sentence ending that can be applied to every sentence. The most common “해체” forms vary according to sentence function, including “-아／어,” “-(이)야,” “-지,” and “-(으)ㄹ 거야.” Invitations and suggestions commonly use “-자.”

Many “해요 Style” forms can indeed be traced back to banmal by looking past “요,” such as “먹어요→먹어” and “좋아요→좋아.” However, forms such as “아니에요→아니야” and “거예요→거야” cannot be handled by simply deleting the final syllable. So rather than memorizing “remove 요,” it is more useful to learn the common sentence-ending forms directly.

Sentence Function	Common Banmal Form	Banmal Example	해요 Style
Statement	-아／어	지금 가.	지금 가요.
Question	-아／어？	지금 가?	지금 가요?
Noun judgment	-(이)야	친구야.	친구예요.
Future／plan	-(으)ㄹ 거야	내일 갈 거야.	내일 갈 거예요.
Command	-아／어	여기 앉아.	여기 앉아요／앉으세요.
Suggestion	-자	같이 가자.	같이 가요.
Confirmation／shared feeling	-지	괜찮지?	괜찮죠?

“반말” Usage ①｜Use “-아／어” for Statements and Questions

“-아／어” is one of the most common endings in everyday “반말.” Forms such as “먹어,” “가,” “좋아,” and “피곤해” all belong to this group. Statements and questions can sometimes look exactly the same in writing and are mainly distinguished by final intonation and context.

“커피 좋아해.” means “I like coffee,” while “커피 좋아해?” asks whether the other person likes coffee. The English translation does not show the speech-level difference, but in Korean, removing “요” changes the social distance toward the listener.

• Example: 나 지금 집에 가.
  Romanization: na ji-geum jip-e ga.
  Translation: I’m going home now.
  “가” corresponds to “가요” and is a very common simple statement in conversations between friends.
• Example: 커피 좋아해?
  Romanization: keo-pi jo-a-hae?
  Translation: Do you like coffee?
  “좋아해” does not require a separate question ending. Rising sentence-final intonation can naturally turn it into a question.
• Example: 오늘은 생각보다 좀 피곤해.
  Romanization: o-neul-eun saeng-gak-bo-da jom pi-gon-hae.
  Translation: I’m a little more tired than I expected today.
  “피곤해” is a very common “해체” form for describing physical or emotional states in everyday conversation.

“반말” Usage ②｜Use “(이)야” to Say Who or What Something Is

When “이야／야” follows a noun, it can be understood as the common banmal counterpart of “이에요／예요.” Nouns with a final consonant usually take “이야,” while nouns without a final consonant take “야.”

“학생이에요” becomes “학생이야” in banmal, while “친구예요” becomes “친구야.” This pair also clearly shows why you cannot simply delete “요,” because “친구예” is not a correct banmal form.

• Example: 이 사람은 내 동생이야.
  Romanization: i sa-ram-eun nae dong-saeng-i-ya.
  Translation: This person is my younger sibling.
  “동생” ends in a final consonant, so it takes “이야.” In “해요 Style,” the same sentence could be “제 동생이에요.”
• Example: 오늘 내 생일이야.
  Romanization: o-neul nae saeng-il-i-ya.
  Translation: Today is my birthday.
  “생일” ends in a final consonant, so “생일이야” is used.
• Example: 지금 같이 있는 사람은 대학 친구야.
  Romanization: ji-geum ga-chi it-neun sa-ram-eun dae-hak chin-gu-ya.
  Translation: The person I’m with right now is a college friend.
  “친구” does not end in a final consonant, so “야” attaches directly to form “친구야.”

“반말” Usage ③｜Use “-자” for Invitations and “-아／어” for Direct Requests

Forms such as “같이 가자,” “밥 먹자,” and “잠깐 기다려” are very common between friends. “-자” means suggesting that both people do something together, similar to “let’s…” in English, while “-아／어” can directly form commands or requests.

This group especially depends on the relationship. “밥 먹자” sounds completely natural between friends, but with a coworker you have only just met, it may pull the relationship closer too quickly. “기다려” is also much more direct than “기다려 주세요,” so the difference is especially noticeable with unfamiliar people.

• Example: 점심 같이 먹자.
  Romanization: jeom-sim ga-chi meok-ja.
  Translation: Let’s have lunch together.
  “-자” is a typical banmal suggestion ending and suits relationships where both people naturally use banmal.
• Example: 잠깐만 기다려.
  Romanization: jam-kkan-man gi-da-ryeo.
  Translation: Wait a second.
  Between friends, this is just an ordinary request. With a stranger, people would normally say “잠깐만 기다려 주세요.”
• Example: 오늘은 여기까지 하고 내일 다시 보자.
  Romanization: o-neul-eun yeo-gi-kka-ji ha-go nae-il da-si bo-ja.
  Translation: Let’s stop here for today and look at it again tomorrow.
  “보자” turns the following action into a shared suggestion. Coworkers who have already agreed to use banmal may also speak this way.

“반말” Usage ④｜Use “-(으)ㄹ 거야” for Plans, Predictions, and the Future

Forms such as “갈 거야,” “먹을 거야,” and “할 거야” are extremely common in Korean dramas and everyday conversation. They can describe the speaker’s plans or ask what the other person is planning to do next when used with question intonation.

They correspond to the “해요 Style” form “-(으)ㄹ 거예요,” not to a form created by simply removing the last “요” and leaving “거예.” This is another pair worth memorizing separately when learning banmal.

• Example: 오늘은 집에서 쉴 거야.
  Romanization: o-neul-eun jip-e-seo swil geo-ya.
  Translation: I’m going to rest at home today.
  “쉴 거야” describes the speaker’s upcoming plan and is extremely common between friends.
• Example: 주말에 뭐 할 거야?
  Romanization: ju-mal-e mwo hal geo-ya?
  Translation: What are you doing this weekend?
  “할 거야?” is a natural banmal way to ask about plans and corresponds to “뭐 할 거예요?”
• Example: 아마 조금 늦을 거야.
  Romanization: a-ma jo-geum neu-jeul geo-ya.
  Translation: I’ll probably be a little late.
  In addition to plans, “-(으)ㄹ 거야” can also express a prediction about a future situation depending on context.

What Is the Difference Between Korean “반말,” “해요 Style,” and “하십시오 Style”? Comparing Politeness and Usage

The difference between “반말” and polite speech is not only a matter of formality. It also directly changes how the relationship between speaker and listener is framed. “해요 Style” is useful for maintaining politeness without sounding overly formal, while “하십시오 Style” appears more often in formal service situations, presentations, announcements, or settings that require a clearly marked polite boundary.

Comparison	반말／해체	해요 Style	하십시오 Style
Representative form	가／먹어	가요／먹어요	갑니다／먹습니다
Elevates listener?	No	Yes	Yes
Formality	Non-formal	Non-formal	Formal
Social distance	Close, direct	Polite but not stiff	Formal, explicit
Talking with friends	Common	Also possible	Usually too formal
First meeting	Usually avoided at first	Most common	Specific formal situations
General coworkers	Depends on relationship	Very common	Formal work contexts
Customers／service situations	Usually avoided	Common	Common

▌Can You Use “반말” Directly with Someone Younger? Conditions for Using Korean Banmal

Korean does place considerable importance on age and professional position, but “being younger” does not mean banmal can automatically be used in every situation. At first meetings, in professional cooperation, in service relationships, or when the two people are still unfamiliar with each other, beginning with “해요 Style” is usually more natural even when they are the same age.

When switching speech levels, Korean commonly uses the expression “말을 놓다.” “말 놓아도 돼요?” asks whether it is okay to drop the polite speech. If you want to suggest switching together, you can say “우리 말 놓을까요?”

• Example: 우리 동갑인데, 말 놓을까요?
  Romanization: u-ri dong-gap-in-de, mal no-eul-kka-yo?
  Translation: We’re the same age, so should we switch to banmal?
  Even after confirming that they are the same age, the speaker first asks so both people can decide on the speech level together.
• Example: 말 편하게 해도 돼요?
  Romanization: mal pyeon-ha-ge hae-do dwae-yo?
  Translation: Is it okay if we speak more casually?
  This is a softer way of checking, although “편하게 말하다” has a broader meaning. If you specifically mean switching to banmal, “말 놓다” is more direct.
• Example: 처음에는 그냥 존댓말로 할게요.
  Romanization: cheo-eum-e-neun geu-nyang jon-daen-mal-lo hal-ge-yo.
  Translation: I’ll just use polite speech at first.
  Maintaining “존댓말” at the beginning of a relationship is completely ordinary, and the speakers can decide later whether to change.

▌When Is “해요 Style” Used? Everyday Polite Korean

“해요 Style” is not something people reluctantly use only because the relationship is not close enough. People who have just met, ordinary coworkers, store employees and customers, friends of friends, and even people who are very close but simply have a habit of maintaining polite speech may continue using “해요 Style” for a long time.

For this reason, becoming closer in Korean does not automatically mean the relationship will eventually switch to “반말.” Some relationships naturally continue using “해요 Style” indefinitely.

• Example: 주말에 뭐 해요?
  Romanization: ju-mal-e mwo hae-yo?
  Translation: What are you doing this weekend?
  The sentence is very everyday and not nearly as formal as “하십시오 Style,” but it still maintains politeness toward the listener.
• Example: 이 근처에 자주 와요?
  Romanization: i geun-cheo-e ja-ju wa-yo?
  Translation: Do you come around here often?
  Using “해요 Style” to start a conversation with someone you have just met sounds very natural.
• Example: 시간 괜찮으면 같이 가요.
  Romanization: si-gan gwaen-chan-eu-myeon ga-chi ga-yo.
  Translation: If you have time, let’s go together.
  “같이 가요” already forms a natural invitation. The relationship does not need to be close enough to require “같이 가자.”

▌Can Banmal Be Used in Korean Workplaces? Switching Between Private Conversation and Public Settings

There is no single rule in Korean workplaces that “all coworkers must always use polite speech.” Familiarity, company culture, age, position, and who is participating in the conversation can all affect the speech level. Some coworkers may use “반말” in private but switch back to polite speech during formal meetings or when managers or clients join the conversation.

Therefore, agreeing privately to “말 놓자” does not mean banmal must be used in every professional situation.

• Example: 우리끼리는 편하게 말할까요?
  Romanization: u-ri-kki-ri-neun pyeon-ha-ge mal-hal-kka-yo?
  Translation: Should we speak more casually when it’s just us?
  Discussing whether to lower the speech level while still using polite speech is itself a very common transition.
• Example: 회의할 때는 존댓말로 할게.
  Romanization: hoe-ui-hal ttae-neun jon-daen-mal-lo hal-ge.
  Translation: I’ll use polite speech during meetings.
  Even if two people use banmal privately, they can switch according to the situation.
• Example: 고객 앞에서는 그렇게 말하면 안 돼.
  Romanization: go-gaek ap-e-seo-neun geu-reo-ke mal-ha-myeon an dwae.
  Translation: You can’t talk like that in front of a customer.
  The sentence itself is banmal, but its content also shows that the speech level changes according to who is present.

Does Removing “요” Make Banmal? Common Changes with “아니야,” “거야,” and “줘”

In many “해요 Style” sentences, “요” is indeed connected to politeness, as in “먹어→먹어요” and “괜찮아→괜찮아요.” However, not every sentence can be converted to banmal by simply deleting the final “요.”

The most common pairs are worth memorizing directly:

해요 Style	반말／해체	Meaning
먹어요	먹어	Eat／will eat
좋아요	좋아	Like／good
있어요	있어	Have／there is
없어요	없어	Do not have／there is not
아니에요	아니야	Is not
친구예요	친구야	Is a friend
학생이에요	학생이야	Is a student
갈 거예요	갈 거야	Will go／plan to go
괜찮아요	괜찮아	It’s okay
뭐 해요?	뭐 해?	What are you doing?
같이 가요	같이 가자／같이 가	Let’s go together

▌What Is the Banmal Form of “아니에요”? The Correct Form Is “아니야,” Not “아니에”

The everyday banmal form of “아니에요” is “아니야.” Therefore, “그거 아니에” is not a correct conversion from polite speech to banmal. It simply cuts the sentence off in an unnatural place.

❌ 그거 아니에.
✅ 그거 아니야.
Translation: That’s not it.

▌What Is the Banmal Form of “거예요”? The Correct Form Is “거야”

When “뭐 할 거예요?” is changed to banmal, it becomes “뭐 할 거야?” rather than “뭐 할 거예.”

❌ 내일 뭐 할 거예?
✅ 내일 뭐 할 거야?
Translation: What are you doing tomorrow?

▌What Is the Banmal Form of “주세요”? It Usually Becomes “줘”

“주세요” itself contains both a request and a polite form. When switching to banmal with a friend, people usually use “줘,” depending on the situation.

❌ 물 좀 주세.
✅ 물 좀 줘.
Translation: Give me some water.

Once these pairs become familiar, it becomes clear that what you really need to practice with “반말” is sentence-ending forms, not a deletion game.

Can Honorifics Still Be Used Inside Banmal? Subject Honorifics in “주무셔” and “오셨어”

“반말” concerns the relative honorific relationship with the listener, but Korean also has a separate system of subject honorifics. Therefore, even if the sentence ending is banmal, it does not mean every honorific element inside the sentence must disappear.

For example, when talking to your younger brother about your grandmother, you can say: 할머니 주무셔?
Romanization: hal-meo-ni ju-mu-syeo?
Translation: Is Grandma asleep?
The ending “주무셔?” does not contain “요,” so the speaker is using banmal with the younger brother. However, “주무시다” still elevates the subject “할머니.” These two layers can exist at the same time.

Conversely, if you remove all honorific vocabulary simply because the sentence ending is banmal, you may instead sound disrespectful toward the third person being discussed.

• Example: 할아버지 진지 드셨어?
  Romanization: hal-a-beo-ji jin-ji deu-syeo-sseo?
  Translation: Has Grandpa eaten?
  The listener may be a close family member, so the sentence ending is banmal, while honorific forms such as “진지” and “드시다” are retained when referring to Grandpa.
• Example: 선생님 아직 안 오셨어?
  Romanization: seon-saeng-nim a-jik an o-syeo-sseo?
  Translation: Has the teacher not arrived yet?
  Banmal can be used when speaking with a friend, while “오시다” still elevates the teacher being discussed.
• Example: 엄마 지금 주무셔.
  Romanization: eom-ma ji-geum ju-mu-syeo.
  Translation: Mom is sleeping right now.
  The absence of “요” at the end does not prevent the speaker from continuing to use appropriate honorific vocabulary for the mother.

This is one of the biggest problems with thinking “반말＝remove all honorifics.” Korean honorifics do not only operate on the listener; the person being discussed inside the sentence also affects word choice.

How Do You Switch to Korean “반말”? “말 놓다,” “말 트다,” and Common Expressions

When Koreans talk about “starting to use banmal,” common expressions include “말을 놓다,” “말을 낮추다,” and “말을 트다.”

“말을 놓다” means switching from polite speech to banmal, while “말을 트다” often carries the sense of the two people beginning to speak casually with each other as their relationship becomes closer. In everyday conversation, if both people have been using “해요 Style,” directly asking about the switch is often more natural than suddenly changing speech levels.

Common expressions:

• 우리 말 놓을까요?
  Shall we switch to banmal?
• 말 놓아도 돼요?
  Is it okay if I use banmal?
• 편하게 말하세요.
  Feel free to speak casually.
• 저한테는 편하게 말해도 돼요.
  You don’t need to be so formal with me.

“편하게 말하세요” does not always precisely mean “from now on, use banmal in every sentence.” It may simply mean that the other person does not need to be so reserved. If you want to explicitly confirm a switch to banmal, “말 놓다” is clearer.

When Is Korean “반말” Used? Three Situations with Friends, First Meetings, and Workplaces

Korean speech levels move together with relationships. Two people of the same age may begin with “해요 Style” at their first meeting and only later discuss whether to “말 놓다.” Coworkers who already use banmal may also return to polite speech when a customer joins them. This kind of switching is not an exception but an ordinary part of Korean interaction.

▌Situation ①｜Two People of the Same Age Meeting for the First Time

A：우리 동갑인 것 같은데, 말 놓을까요?
　　u-ri dong-gap-in geot gat-eun-de, mal no-eul-kka-yo?
　　It seems like we’re the same age. Should we switch to banmal?

B：좋아요. 편하게 말해요.
　　jo-a-yo. pyeon-ha-ge mal-hae-yo.
　　Sure. Let’s speak casually.

📌 Grammar Point: Even after realizing that both people are the same age, the speaker first checks with “말 놓을까요?” It is not unusual to continue using “해요 Style” for a moment even after agreeing. The actual switch often happens naturally as the conversation continues.

▌Situation ②｜Friends Talking After Switching to Banmal

A：주말에 뭐 할 거야?
　　ju-mal-e mwo hal geo-ya?
　　What are you doing this weekend?

B：아직 모르겠어. 시간 되면 같이 밥 먹자.
　　a-jik mo-reu-ge-sseo. si-gan doe-myeon ga-chi bap meok-ja.
　　I’m not sure yet. If you have time, let’s eat together.

📌 Grammar Point: “할 거야?,” “모르겠어,” and “먹자” are all very common “해체” forms between friends. Once these endings appear together, the relationship conveyed by the conversation is clearly different from “뭐 할 거예요?”

▌Situation ③｜Using Banmal in Private but Returning to Polite Speech for Work Messages

A：이건 내가 먼저 확인할게.
　　i-geon nae-ga meon-jeo hwak-in-hal-ge.
　　I’ll check this first.

B：응. 근데 고객한테 보내는 메일은 존댓말로 다시 확인하자.
　　eung. geun-de go-gaek-han-te bo-nae-neun me-il-eun jon-daen-mal-lo da-si hwak-in-ha-ja.
　　Okay. But let’s check the email to the customer again using polite language.

📌 Grammar Point: The fact that two coworkers use “반말” privately does not mean their external communication also switches to banmal. Korean speech levels are readjusted according to the listener and the situation.

Cultural Notes:

1. In everyday Korean conversation, asking someone’s age is sometimes not only about knowing their birth year. It can also help establish forms of address, speech level, and the relationship between speakers. However, age is only one factor, and being older does not automatically give someone the right to use banmal unilaterally at a first meeting.
2. “말 놓다” is not a formal ritual. Some friends explicitly ask “우리 말 놓자,” while other relationships gradually shift naturally as the people become closer. Whether the switch feels comfortable still depends on the interaction between both people, not on completing one fixed phrase.
3. Using “반말” does not mean every sentence becomes blunt and short. Friends still use expressions such as “좀,” “혹시,” and “괜찮으면” to soften requests. A close speech level and considerate wording are two separate things.

How Does Korean “반말” Compare with Japanese “タメ口／普通形”?

Korean “반말” and the Japanese conversational concepts “タメ口／普通形” both involve reducing the polite distance between speakers, but they are not completely equivalent grammatical classifications. Japanese “タメ口／普通形” are everyday terms, while grammatical explanations often focus on the difference between “です・ます形” and “普通形.”

Korean also has relative speech levels such as “해체,” “해요 Style,” and “하십시오 Style,” which operate together with forms of address and subject honorifics. Therefore, “반말＝Japanese plain form” cannot be treated as the entire rule.

◆ Similar Expression: Japanese “タメ口で話す／敬語をやめる”

Japanese speakers may also check whether it is okay to stop using polite speech. For example, “タメ口で話してもいい？” and Korean “말 놓아도 돼요?” are very close in actual conversational function.

• Example: タメ口で話してもいいですか。
  Kana: タメぐちではなしてもいいですか。
  Translation: Is it okay if we speak more casually?
  Both languages can use a question to confirm whether the interpersonal distance expressed through speech should change.
• Example: まだ敬語で話したほうがいいと思います。
  Kana: まだけいごではなしたほうがいいとおもいます。
  Translation: I think it would be better to keep using polite language for now.
  When the relationship is still unfamiliar, both Japanese and Korean may maintain a more polite speech style at first.
• Example: 仲良くなってから、自然にタメ口になりました。
  Kana: なかよくなってから、しぜんにタメぐちになりました。
  Translation: After we became closer, we naturally started speaking casually.
  A relationship may shift naturally after people become closer rather than through a formal announcement in either language.

◆ Core Differences from “반말”:

Japanese “タメ口” is closer to an everyday label for “talking without polite language,” while Korean “반말” is more tightly connected to a system of relative speech endings. In particular, even when a Korean sentence ends in “해체,” it may still retain “-시-” and honorific vocabulary when referring to an older person or teacher. Therefore, banmal should not be understood as the disappearance of every honorific element in the sentence.

A practical way to remember Korean “반말” is to consider the relationship together with the sentence ending. “먹어,” “친구야,” “갈 거야,” and “같이 가자” are all common banmal forms in everyday conversation, but whether you can say them directly still depends on whether both people have accepted that degree of familiarity. When the relationship is still new, maintaining “해요 Style” first and then checking with “말 놓을까요?” once you become closer is more consistent with real conversation than simply removing “요.” From there, learning subject honorifics and “해라체” makes it easier to separate the idea of “using banmal toward the listener” from “still showing respect to a third person mentioned in the sentence.”

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