目錄
The Korean expression “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” means that the second statement is also true, not only the first. It is commonly used to place two characteristics, effects or groups within the same sentence.
When learners first see “-(으)ㄹ,” they often interpret it immediately as a future-tense marker. In this structure, however, it usually allows the preceding action or state to modify “뿐.”
For example, “이 카페는 커피가 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 좌석도 편해요” describes two conditions that the café already has now: the coffee tastes good, and the seats are comfortable.
The more confusing points are when a noun directly takes “뿐만 아니라,” when it should instead become “일 뿐만 아니라,” and how this expression differs in nuance from “-고” and “-는 데다가.”
What Does “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” Mean in Korean? Understanding the Nuance of “Not Only the First Statement”
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” treats the first statement as true and then adds another piece of information that is also true.
It is normally translated as “not only…but also” or “in addition to.”
“뿐” originally has the limiting meaning of “only” or “merely.” “뿐만 아니라” rejects that limitation and indicates that the content does not stop with the first statement. Another point must also be included.
For example, “음식이 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 가격도 저렴해요” first states that the food is delicious and then adds that the price is affordable.
Both clauses evaluate the same restaurant. The second clause does not reverse the direction of the sentence. It expands the range of the evaluation.
Example:
이 식당은 음식이 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 가격도 저렴해요.
Romanization: i-sik-ttang-eun eum-si-gi ma-sit-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra ga-gyeok-do jeo-ryeom-hae-yo.
Translation: This restaurant not only serves delicious food, but its prices are also affordable.
The food and price are both conditions used to evaluate the restaurant, so the two pieces of information fit naturally into the same sentence.
Example:
그분은 경험이 많을 뿐만 아니라 설명도 꼼꼼하게 해요.
Romanization: geu-bun-eun gyeong-heom-i ma-neul ppun-man a-ni-ra seol-myeong-do kkom-kkom-ha-ge hae-yo.
Translation: That person is not only highly experienced but also explains things very carefully.
The first clause describes the person’s experience, while the second adds information about their actual work performance. Both describe the same person.
Example:
이 정책은 비용을 줄일 뿐만 아니라 업무 시간도 단축할 수 있습니다.
Romanization: i-jeong-chaek-eun bi-yong-eul ju-ril ppun-man a-ni-ra eom-mu-si-gan-do dan-chuk-hal su it-seum-ni-da.
Translation: This policy can not only reduce costs but also shorten working hours.
The sentence adds two effects produced by the policy and expresses the relationship more explicitly than a simple sentence using “-고.”
Conjugation Rules for “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라”: Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns and the Past Tense
When “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” follows a verb or adjective, choose “-을” or “-ㄹ” according to whether the stem ends in a final consonant.
Nouns have two common structures. One expands the range of nouns, while the other connects two identities or qualities.
| Preceding Element | Structure | Example | Main Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stem ending in a final consonant other than ㄹ | V/A-을 뿐만 아니라 | 먹을 뿐만 아니라、좋을 뿐만 아니라 | Add “-을” after the stem |
| Stem without a final consonant | V/A-ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 | 갈 뿐만 아니라、예쁠 뿐만 아니라 | Add “-ㄹ” after the stem |
| Stem ending in ㄹ | V/A-ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 | 알 뿐만 아니라、멀 뿐만 아니라 | Keep the existing ㄹ and do not add another |
| Past tense | V/A-았/었을 뿐만 아니라 | 늘었을 뿐만 아니라 | The time is marked by “았／었” |
| Expansion of a noun range | N뿐만 아니라 | 학생뿐만 아니라 | “뿐” attaches directly to the noun |
| Connection of noun predicates | N일 뿐만 아니라 | 학생일 뿐만 아니라 | Means “not only one identity or quality” |
Why Does “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” Not Always Express the Future?
“-(으)ㄹ” can certainly appear in expressions of the future or conjecture, but “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” is a complete grammatical structure.
The time of the sentence must be determined from the context, time expressions or the marker “-았／었-.” It cannot be interpreted as future simply because ㄹ appears.
“운동은 체력을 높일 뿐만 아니라 스트레스도 줄여 줍니다” describes the general effects of exercise. It does not mean that exercise will only begin improving physical strength in the future.
To express the past clearly, the past-tense marker is included within the adnominal form, producing “-았／었을 뿐만 아니라.”
Example:
지난해에는 방문객이 늘었을 뿐만 아니라 매출도 증가했습니다.
Romanization: ji-nan-hae-e-neun bang-mun-gae-gi neu-reot-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra mae-chul-do jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Last year, not only did the number of visitors increase, but sales also grew.
The “-었-” in “늘었을” clearly marks the past. It cannot simply be written as “늘 뿐만 아니라.”
Example:
그 여행은 즐거웠을 뿐만 아니라 배울 점도 많았어요.
Romanization: geu-yeo-haeng-eun jeul-geo-wot-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra bae-ul jjeom-do ma-na-sseo-yo.
Translation: That trip was not only enjoyable but also provided many things to learn.
The trip has already ended, so the first clause uses the past form “즐거웠을.”
Example:
이번 변화는 현재의 문제를 해결할 뿐만 아니라 앞으로의 부담도 줄일 것입니다.
Romanization: i-beon-byeon-hwa-neun hyeon-jae-ui mun-je-reul hae-gyeol-hal ppun-man a-ni-ra a-peu-ro-ui bu-dam-do ju-ril geo-sim-ni-da.
Translation: This change will not only solve the current problem but also reduce future burdens.
The future meaning comes from “것입니다” and “앞으로,” not from “할” alone.
What Is the Difference Between “N뿐만 아니라” and “N일 뿐만 아니라”?
“N뿐만 아니라” directly expands the range of nouns. It means that the category includes not only N but other people or things as well.
“N일 뿐만 아니라” treats the noun as a predicate. It means that the subject is not only one identity or quality but also another identity or quality.
학생뿐만 아니라 교사도 참여했다
Not only students but also teachers participated.
그는 학생일 뿐만 아니라 작가이기도 하다
He is not only a student but also a writer.
Both sentences may contain “not only” in translation, but their Korean structures are different.
Example:
학생뿐만 아니라 교사들도 설문 조사에 참여했습니다.
Romanization: hak-ssaeng-ppun-man a-ni-ra gyo-sa-deul-do seol-mun-jo-sa-e cham-yeo-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Not only students but also teachers participated in the survey.
This sentence expands the range of participants, so “뿐” attaches directly to the noun “학생.”
Example:
그분은 작가일 뿐만 아니라 번역가이기도 해요.
Romanization: geu-bun-eun jak-kka-il ppun-man a-ni-ra beon-yeok-kka-i-gi-do hae-yo.
Translation: That person is not only a writer but also a translator.
Both clauses describe the same person’s identities, so “작가일 뿐만 아니라” is used.
Example:
이곳은 관광지일 뿐만 아니라 지역 주민들의 생활 공간이기도 합니다.
Romanization: i-got-eun gwan-gwang-ji-il ppun-man a-ni-ra ji-yeok-ju-min-deu-rui saeng-hwal-gong-gan-i-gi-do ham-ni-da.
Translation: This place is not only a tourist attraction but also a living space for local residents.
“관광지” and “생활 공간” both define the nature of the same place.
Three Uses of “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라”: Characteristics, Effects and Range
Usage 1: Connecting Two Characteristics of a Person, Product or Place
When introducing a person, product, restaurant or accommodation, “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” can place two characteristics in the same sentence.
The first clause establishes a basic impression, and the second adds another piece of information.
The two clauses do not need to use exactly the same part of speech, but they must describe the same subject and have a parallel relationship.
Example:
이 카페는 커피가 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 좌석도 편해요.
Romanization: i-ka-pe-neun keo-pi-ga ma-sit-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra jwa-seok-do pyeon-hae-yo.
Translation: This café not only serves good coffee but also has comfortable seats.
The taste of the coffee and the comfort of the seating are both relevant conditions when visiting a café.
Example:
그분은 한국어를 잘할 뿐만 아니라 중국어도 유창하게 구사해요.
Romanization: geu-bun-eun han-gu-geo-reul jal-hal ppun-man a-ni-ra jung-gu-geo-do yu-chang-ha-ge gu-sa-hae-yo.
Translation: That person not only speaks Korean well but also speaks Chinese fluently.
Both clauses describe language ability, and “도” in the second clause clearly expresses “also.”
Example:
이 앱은 사용하기 편리할 뿐만 아니라 화면 구성도 깔끔합니다.
Romanization: i-ae-beun sa-yong-ha-gi pyeol-li-hal ppun-man a-ni-ra hwa-myeon-gu-seong-do kkal-kkeum-ham-ni-da.
Translation: This app is not only easy to use but also has a clean interface layout.
The first clause evaluates usability, while the second adds information about the interface design. Both describe the product’s quality.
Usage 2: Adding Multiple Effects Produced by One Cause
Reports, news and explanatory articles often need to show that a policy, habit or social phenomenon produces more than one result.
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” expands the effect from one aspect to another.
It can be used with both positive and negative effects.
The important point is that both clauses should describe results produced by the same cause.
Example:
운동은 체력을 높일 뿐만 아니라 스트레스를 줄이는 데도 도움이 됩니다.
Romanization: un-dong-eun che-ryeok-eul no-pil ppun-man a-ni-ra seu-teu-re-seu-reul ju-ri-neun de-do do-um-i doem-ni-da.
Translation: Exercise not only improves physical strength but also helps reduce stress.
Both effects are produced by exercise, making the sentence suitable for health explanations or general advice.
Example:
교통 체증은 이동 시간을 늘릴 뿐만 아니라 대기 오염도 악화시킵니다.
Romanization: gyo-tong-che-jeung-eun i-dong-si-gan-eul neul-lil ppun-man a-ni-ra dae-gi-o-yeom-do ak-hwa-si-kim-ni-da.
Translation: Traffic congestion not only increases travel time but also worsens air pollution.
The first clause concerns the personal cost of time, while the second expands the effect to an environmental problem.
Example:
늦은 밤의 스마트폰 사용은 잠을 방해할 뿐만 아니라 다음 날 집중력에도 영향을 줍니다.
Romanization: neu-jeun-bam-ui seu-ma-teu-pon-sa-yong-eun ja-meul bang-hae-hal ppun-man a-ni-ra da-eum-nal jip-jung-ryeok-e-do yeong-hyang-eul jum-ni-da.
Translation: Using a smartphone late at night not only interferes with sleep but also affects concentration the next day.
Sleep and the following day’s condition occur at different stages, but both are caused by the same habit.
Usage 3 of “N뿐만 아니라”: Expanding the Range of People, Places or Options
When a noun directly takes “뿐만 아니라,” it often means that the preceding item is not the only thing included.
The following clause normally uses “도,” “에도,” “에서도” or a similar particle to expand the range of people, places or evaluation criteria.
The noun does not need to become “N일” in this use.
The sentence is merely listing who or what else is included. It is not describing the double identity of one subject.
Example:
학생뿐만 아니라 교사들도 이 프로그램에 참여했습니다.
Romanization: hak-ssaeng-ppun-man a-ni-ra gyo-sa-deul-do i-peu-ro-geu-ra-me cham-yeo-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Not only students but also teachers participated in this programme.
“학생” and “교사” are two groups of participants, and the second clause expands the range.
Example:
서울뿐만 아니라 부산에서도 이 전시를 볼 수 있습니다.
Romanization: seo-ul-ppun-man a-ni-ra bu-san-e-seo-do i-jeon-si-reul bol-su-it-seum-ni-da.
Translation: This exhibition can be seen not only in Seoul but also in Busan.
“에서도” indicates that another location is also included in the exhibition area.
Example:
가격뿐만 아니라 품질과 관리 비용도 비교해 보세요.
Romanization: ga-gyeok-ppun-man a-ni-ra pum-jil-gwa gwan-ri-bi-yong-do bi-gyo-hae-bo-se-yo.
Translation: Compare not only the price but also the quality and maintenance costs.
The sentence reminds the listener not to evaluate the item only by price but to include other conditions as well.
What Is the Difference Between “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라,” “-고” and “-는 데다가”?
“-고” simply connects two pieces of information.
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” explicitly indicates that the first statement is not the whole story and that the second must also be included.
“-는 데다가” conveys the sense that another layer is being added on top of an existing situation.
“-는 것은 물론이고” can also mean “not only…but also,” but it presents the first statement as obvious and the second as an additional or more advanced point.
| Point of Comparison | -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 | -고 | -는 데다가 | -는 것은 물론이고 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main function | The second statement is also true in addition to the first | Simply connects two pieces of information | Adds another point to an existing situation | The first is naturally true, and the second is also true |
| Emphasis on the second clause | Usually relatively clear | Both clauses are more equal | Strong sense of accumulation | The second often feels unexpected or more advanced |
| Register | Suitable for conversation and writing; common in formal writing | Most widely used in everyday language | Suitable for conversation and writing | Relatively formal and more emphatic |
| Direction of the clauses | Must be able to form a parallel relationship | Does not necessarily involve an evaluative direction | Usually both advantages or both problems | The first is already sufficient, and the second adds more |
| Common markers in the second clause | 도、에도、까지 | Directly connects to the next clause | 도、까지 | 도、까지 |
| Representative sentence | 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 싸요 | 맛있고 싸요 | 맛있는 데다가 싸요 | 맛있는 것은 물론이고 싸기까지 해요 |
The Difference Between “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” and “-고”: Whether the Second Clause Is Emphasized
“-고” does not contain the emphasis of “not only the first statement.”
It simply and neutrally places two things together.
When there is no need to deliberately expand the range, “-고” is the most natural choice.
✅ 이 식당은 음식이 맛있고 서비스도 친절해요.
This restaurant serves delicious food, and the service is friendly.
✅ 이 식당은 음식이 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 서비스도 친절해요.
This restaurant not only serves delicious food but also has friendly service.
The first sentence simply lists two advantages.
The second deliberately emphasizes that good food is not the only positive point. The service must also be included in the evaluation.
The Difference Between “뿐만 아니라” and “-는 데다가”: Objective Addition Versus Accumulation
“-는 데다가” feels as though another point is being added on top of a previous situation.
Its sense of accumulation is stronger than that of “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라.”
It is especially common when several problems occur one after another, although it can also accumulate advantages.
✅ 비가 오는 데다가 바람까지 세게 불어요.
Not only is it raining, but the wind is also blowing strongly.
✅ 비가 올 뿐만 아니라 바람도 세게 불어요.
Not only will it rain, but the wind will also blow strongly.
The first sentence sounds as though it is already raining and, on top of that, the wind is unfortunately strong.
The second sounds more like an objective listing of two weather conditions.
The Difference Between “뿐만 아니라” and “-는 데다가”: Objective Addition Versus Accumulation
“-는 것은 물론이고” conveys the sense that the first statement goes without saying and the second statement is also true.
It emphasizes the obviousness of the first clause more strongly than “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라.”
✅ 이 호텔은 위치가 좋은 것은 물론이고 객실도 넓어요.
This hotel naturally has a good location, and the rooms are spacious as well.
✅ 이 호텔은 위치가 좋을 뿐만 아니라 객실도 넓어요.
This hotel not only has a good location but also has spacious rooms.
The two sentences contain similar information, but “것은 물론이고” presents the good location as a condition that is already beyond doubt.
What Is the Difference Between “뿐 아니라” and “뿐만 아니라”? Shortened and Complete Forms
“뿐만 아니라” is sometimes shortened to “뿐 아니라.”
The basic meaning does not change significantly.
가격뿐만 아니라 품질도 중요하다.
가격뿐 아니라 품질도 중요하다.
Both sentences mean that both price and quality are important.
Both forms appear in formal writing. “뿐만 아니라” has a more complete structure and is also easier to identify when learning the grammar.
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” in Practical Conversation: Accommodation, Registration and Work Reports
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” is not limited to formal reports.
It can be used when discussing restaurants, accommodation, course eligibility and workplace results, although everyday conversation may sometimes use the shorter “-고” or “-는 데다가.”
Situation 1: Confirming Accommodation Conditions
A: 이번 숙소는 역에서 가까운가요?
i-beon-suk-so-neun yeo-ge-seo ga-kka-un-ga-yo?
Is this accommodation close to the station?
B: 네, 역에서 가까울 뿐만 아니라 주변에 편의점과 식당도 많아요.
ne, yeo-ge-seo ga-kka-ul ppun-man a-ni-ra ju-byeon-e pyeon-ui-jeom-gwa sik-ttang-do ma-na-yo.
Yes. It is not only close to the station, but there are also many convenience stores and restaurants nearby.
📌 Grammar point: “가깝다” and “주변에 가게가 많다” are both accommodation conditions, and the second clause adds another practical detail.
Situation 2: Confirming Eligibility for a Course
A: 이 강좌는 직장인만 신청할 수 있나요?
i-gang-jwa-neun jik-jjang-in-man sin-cheong-hal-su-in-na-yo?
Can only office workers apply for this course?
B: 아니요. 직장인뿐만 아니라 대학생도 신청할 수 있어요.
a-ni-yo. jik-jjang-in-ppun-man a-ni-ra dae-hak-ssaeng-do sin-cheong-hal-su-i-sseo-yo.
No. Not only office workers but also university students can apply.
📌 Grammar point: “직장인뿐만 아니라” directly follows a noun and indicates that eligible applicants are not limited to office workers.
Situation 3: Adding Results in a Work Report
A: 이번 개선 작업의 결과가 어땠어요?
i-beon-gae-seon-jak-eo-bui gyeol-gwa-ga eo-ttae-sseo-yo?
What were the results of this improvement project?
B: 처리 시간이 줄었을 뿐만 아니라 오류도 많이 감소했습니다.
cheo-ri-si-gan-i ju-reot-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra o-ryu-do ma-ni gam-so-haet-seum-ni-da.
Not only was the processing time reduced, but the number of errors also decreased significantly.
📌 Grammar point: The results have already occurred, so the first clause uses the past form “줄었을 뿐만 아니라.”
Cultural Notes
Korean company announcements, event introductions and news explanations often use “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” because it can organize multiple results or effects within the same sentence.
Its tone is more structured than repeatedly using “-고.”
However, it also appears naturally in ordinary conversation and should not be treated as an exclusively written pattern.
The second clause often uses “도,” “에도,” “에서도” or “까지,” making the sense that another item is also included more explicit.
These particles are not always required, but when they are omitted, the parallel relationship between the two clauses must still be clear.
Announcements and promotional copy sometimes use “뿐만 아니라” several times in succession.
The grammar itself is not incorrect, but excessive use can make the text sound as though it is continuously adding advantages.
In a short piece of writing, using the pattern once is usually sufficient. Other information can be connected with “-고” or divided into separate sentences.
Comparing Korean “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” with Japanese “〜だけでなく／〜ばかりでなく”
The Japanese “〜だけでなく” and the Korean “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” both indicate that the first statement is not the only content and that the second statement is also true.
They can be used to connect characteristics of people, effects of things and ranges of people or objects.
The Japanese “〜だけでなく” is common in both everyday conversation and writing.
“〜ばかりでなく” sounds more formal and is closer to reports or written articles.
Although the Korean “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” frequently appears in formal explanations, it can also be used naturally in ordinary conversation.
Example:
이 카페는 커피가 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 분위기도 조용해요.
Romanization: i-ka-pe-neun keo-pi-ga ma-sit-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra bun-wi-gi-do jo-yong-hae-yo.
Translation: This café not only serves good coffee but also has a quiet atmosphere.
Korean uses the adnominal form “맛있을” of the adjective “맛있다” before “뿐만 아니라.”
Example:
학생뿐만 아니라 교사들도 행사에 참여했습니다.
Romanization: hak-ssaeng-ppun-man a-ni-ra gyo-sa-deul-do haeng-sa-e cham-yeo-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Not only students but also teachers participated in the event.
“뿐만 아니라” directly follows the noun and expands the range of participants from students to teachers.
Example:
매출이 늘었을 뿐만 아니라 신규 고객도 증가했습니다.
Romanization: mae-chu-ri neu-reot-seul ppun-man a-ni-ra sin-gyu-go-gaek-do jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da.
Translation: Not only did sales increase, but the number of new customers also grew.
The event has already occurred, so Korean uses the past form “늘었을 뿐만 아니라.”
◆ Core Difference from the Japanese “〜だけでなく／〜ばかりでなく”:
Korean verbs and adjectives must take “-을／-ㄹ” according to whether the stem ends in a final consonant. Past content uses “-았／었을.”
Japanese mainly attaches the pattern to the plain form and does not require Korean-style final-consonant changes.
Korean nouns can use “N뿐만 아니라” to expand a range or “N일 뿐만 아니라” to connect identities.
Japanese normally uses “Nだけでなく” for both structures, so the intended meaning must be identified from the sentence.
Korean “-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” first rejects the interpretation that the content consists only of the first statement and then brings the second statement into the same range.
For verbs and adjectives, choose “-을／-ㄹ” according to the final sound of the stem.
Use “-았／었을” for past content.
With nouns, first determine whether the sentence expands the range of people or objects or describes the identity or quality of the same subject.
“학생뿐만 아니라 교사도” expands the participant range to include teachers.
“학생일 뿐만 아니라 작가이기도 하다” describes one person who has the two identities of student and writer.
When choosing between this pattern, “-고” and “-는 데다가,” determine whether the sentence merely lists two facts neutrally or emphasizes that another condition is being added on top of the first.
Frequently Asked Questions
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” indicates that the first statement is not the only thing that is true and that the second statement is also true.
It is commonly translated as “not only…but also” or “in addition to.”
The two clauses normally describe two characteristics, results or applicable groups involving the same person, thing or event.
No.
In this structure, “-(으)ㄹ” allows the preceding verb or adjective to modify the dependent noun “뿐.”
The time of the sentence must still be determined from the context and tense markers.
A general fact may use “높일 뿐만 아니라.”
A past event uses “높였을 뿐만 아니라.”
The sentence expresses a clear future meaning only when it also contains information such as “앞으로” or “것이다.”
“학생뿐만 아니라” means that the range of people is not limited to students. It normally continues with another group such as teachers or parents.
“학생일 뿐만 아니라” means that the same person is not only a student but also has another identity, as in “학생일 뿐만 아니라 작가이기도 하다.”
“-고” neutrally connects two pieces of information.
“-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라” explicitly indicates that the first statement is not the whole content and that the second must also be included.
“-는 데다가” has a stronger sense of accumulation and often means that one situation already exists and another is added on top of it.
It is especially suitable when several problems occur one after another.
No.
However, “도,” “에도,” “에서도” and “까지” frequently appear because they clearly indicate that another item is also included.
The sentence remains grammatical without “도” as long as the parallel relationship between the two clauses is clear.
When first learning to form sentences with this pattern, retaining “도” often makes the structure easier to understand.