Expressions such as “食べてる,” “行かなきゃ,” and “もう帰っちゃう” in Japanese dramas can all be traced back to the full forms taught in textbooks. “食べてる” comes from “食べている,” “帰っちゃう” usually comes from “帰ってしまう,” and “行かなきゃ” depends on whether anything has been omitted after it. The tricky part is that the same sound does not always come from the same original form. The “ちゃ” in “食べちゃった” and the “ちゃ” in “食べちゃだめ” come from different grammatical structures. Instead of memorizing a separate list of “drama Japanese,” it is more useful to connect each shortened form back to its full form and then look at what comes after it.

What Are Japanese Contractions? Understanding How Full Forms Become Shorter in Speech

A “contraction” can be understood as a shorter form created when a longer spoken form undergoes omission, fusion, or another phonetic change in conversation. Common examples include “ている→てる,” “ておく→とく,” “のだ→んだ,” and “ではないか→じゃん.” Even after shortening, the basic grammatical relationship can usually still be traced back to the original form.

Contractions should not simply be equated with “speaking very fast.” Natural spoken Japanese uses forms such as “知ってる,” “そうじゃん,” and “やっとく” even when the speaker is not talking especially quickly. Conversely, when a more formal or clearly articulated register is required, speakers may keep the full form. So when you hear a contraction, it is better to first identify its original form and then consider the relationship between the speakers and the situation.

• Example: 今、宿題やってる。
  Kana: いま、しゅくだいやってる。
  Translation: I’m doing my homework now.
  “やってる” comes from “やっている.” The original progressive meaning remains; only the “い” has been omitted in speech.
• Example: 財布、家に忘れちゃった。
  Kana: さいふ、いえにわすれちゃった。
  Translation: I left my wallet at home.
  “忘れちゃった” comes from “忘れてしまった.” The event has already happened, and because the content itself is an unwanted mistake, it naturally carries a sense of regret.
• Example: 明日、早いんじゃない？
  Kana: あした、はやいんじゃない？
  Translation: Don’t you have an early day tomorrow?／Don’t you have to get up early tomorrow?
  The “ん” can be traced back to “の,” while “じゃ” is related to “では.” The sentence is confirming something based on known circumstances rather than simply negating “早い.”

How Do Japanese Contractions Change? Complete Comparison of Common Full and Spoken Forms

Japanese contractions do not follow one universal rule that applies to every sentence. A more practical way to learn them is to memorize high-frequency full forms together with their common spoken forms. Research on spoken Japanese also lists forms such as “のだ→んだ,” “ている→てる,” “では→じゃ,” “なければ→なきゃ,” and “ておく→とく” as contractions.

Full Form	Common Contraction	Main Function	Example
〜ている	〜てる	Ongoing action, state, habit	食べている → 食べてる
〜でいる	〜でる	Same omission of “いる”	読んでいる → 読んでる
〜てしまう	〜ちゃう	Completion, unintended result	忘れてしまう → 忘れちゃう
〜でしまう	〜じゃう	Completion, unintended result	読んでしまう → 読んじゃう
〜ておく	〜とく	Preparation, maintaining a state	買っておく → 買っとく
〜でおく	〜どく	Preparation, maintaining a state	読んでおく → 読んどく
〜ておいて	〜といて	Do something in advance, leave as is	置いておいて → 置いといて
〜なければ	〜なきゃ	Condition; often extended to obligation	行かなければ → 行かなきゃ
〜なくては	〜なくちゃ	Condition; often extended to obligation	帰らなくては → 帰らなくちゃ
〜ては	〜ちゃ	Condition, prohibition, etc.	食べてはだめ → 食べちゃだめ
〜では	〜じゃ	Negation, condition, connection	静かではない → 静かじゃない
〜のだ	〜んだ	Explanation, background, confirmation	行くのだ → 行くんだ
〜という／〜と etc.	〜って	Quotation, topic marking, etc.	田中という人 → 田中って人
〜ではないか	〜じゃん	Discovery, confirmation, reminder	いいではないか → いいじゃん

How to Use “〜てる”｜A Shortened Form of “〜ている” That Still Expresses Actions, States, and Habits

“〜ている” very commonly becomes “〜てる” in conversation. Research on spoken Japanese also lists “ている→てる” as a high-frequency contraction. Its grammatical meaning does not suddenly become limited to “be doing” just because it has been shortened. The full form can express an ongoing action, a resulting state, or a continuing habit, and “〜てる” retains all of those functions.

So “食べてる” may mean someone is currently eating, “住んでる” normally describes the state of living somewhere, and “知ってる” means that someone already knows something. If you always translate “〜てる” as “be doing…,” state verbs can become confusing.

• Example: 今、駅で友だちを待ってる。
  Kana: いま、えきでともだちをまってる。
  Translation: I’m waiting for a friend at the station now.
  “待っている” describes an ongoing action, and shortening it to “待ってる” does not change the meaning.
• Example: 京都に住んでる兄から連絡が来た。
  Kana: きょうとにすんでるあにかられんらくがきた。
  Translation: My older brother who lives in Kyoto contacted me.
  “住んでる” describes the continuing state of living in Kyoto, not “being in the middle of moving to Kyoto.”
• Example: その店、日曜日も開いてるよ。
  Kana: そのみせ、にちようびもあいてるよ。
  Translation: That shop is open on Sundays too.
  “開いてる” here describes the shop being in an open or operating state.

How to Use “〜ちゃう／〜じゃう”｜Understanding Completion and Unintended Results from “〜てしまう”

“〜てしまう” can indicate that an action is completely finished, or that something happened even though it was not originally wanted. Because “しまう” itself has these two auxiliary-verb functions, the contracted “〜ちゃう／〜じゃう” cannot always be translated as “accidentally.”

“食べちゃった” may simply mean “ate it all,” while “鍵をなくしちゃった” easily carries a sense of “oh no” because losing a key is itself a mistake. The surrounding context remains the key.

• Example: この仕事、今日中に終わっちゃうと思う。
  Kana: このしごと、きょうじゅうにおわっちゃうとおもう。
  Translation: I think this work will be finished by the end of today.
  This mainly describes completion, without any clear regret or mistake.
• Example: 電車で寝過ごしちゃった。
  Kana: でんしゃでねすごしちゃった。
  Translation: I slept past my stop on the train.
  Sleeping past the stop was not intended, so “〜ちゃった” naturally carries a sense of trouble.
• Example: その本、もう読んじゃった？
  Kana: そのほん、もうよんじゃった？
  Translation: Have you already finished reading that book?
  The て-form of “読む” is “読んで,” so “読んでしまった” contracts to “読んじゃった,” not “読んちゃった.”

How to Use “〜とく／〜どく” ③｜A Shortened Form of “〜ておく” That Still Means Doing Something in Advance

“〜ておく” often means doing something in advance for a later situation or maintaining a certain state for the time being. In conversation, “ておく” often contracts to “とく,” while a preceding “で” becomes “どく,” as in “読んでおく→読んどく.” Spoken-language research also lists this as a common contraction.

“〜ておいて” commonly contracts to “〜といて,” as in “置いておいて→置いといて.” When you hear “とく,” the sentence is not merely shorter; the original time direction of “do it now in preparation for later” is still present.

• Example: 席、先に取っとくね。
  Kana: せき、さきにとっとくね。
  Translation: I’ll save us a seat first.
  “取っておく” contracts to “取っとく.” The seat is being secured now because it will be useful later.
• Example: 資料、先に読んどくよ。
  Kana: しりょう、さきによんどくよ。
  Translation: I’ll read the materials beforehand.
  “読んでおく” contracts to “読んどく,” with the voiced “で” becoming “ど.”
• Example: 必要な書類は机に置いといて。
  Kana: ひつようなしょるいはつくえにおいといて。
  Translation: Leave the necessary documents on the desk for now.
  The full form is “置いておいて,” and the contraction still carries the meaning of leaving something in that position in advance.

Japanese “ちゃ” Has Two Sources: How Do You Distinguish “〜てしまう” from “〜ては”?

“ちゃ” is one of the easiest contractions to mishear because it has at least two common sources. One is “てしまう→ちゃう,” while the other is “ては→ちゃ.” Research on spoken Japanese also treats “ては／では→ちゃ／じゃ” and “てしまう→ちゃう” as separate types.

食べちゃった。
＝ 食べてしまった。
I ate it／I ended up eating it.

食べちゃだめ。
＝ 食べてはだめ。
You must not eat it.

In the first sentence, the “ちゃ” is followed by “った,” so “ちゃった” can be traced back to “てしまった.” In the second, the following word is “だめ,” so the whole phrase is the spoken form of “てはだめ.”

Likewise:

飲んじゃった。
＝ 飲んでしまった。

ここじゃだめ。
＝ ここではだめ。

When you hear or see “ちゃ／じゃ,” do not immediately supply “しまう.” If it is followed by forms such as “う／った／ったら,” it is more likely to come from “〜てしまう.” If it is directly followed by “だめ,” “いけない,” or similar content, think first of “〜ては／〜では.”

How Do You Use “〜なきゃ／〜なくちゃ”? Distinguishing Obligation from an Ordinary Condition

“〜なきゃ” can be traced back to “〜なければ,” while “〜なくちゃ” comes from “〜なくては.” In everyday conversation, the following “ならない” or “いけない” is often omitted, so “行かなきゃ” is naturally understood as “I have to go.” Research also points out that actual examples of “なきゃ” are often interpreted in relation to fuller forms such as “〜なければならない.”

However, “なきゃ” itself can still simply express a condition. If the sentence already states a clear result afterward, you should not automatically add an omitted obligation expression.

How to Use “〜なきゃ” ①｜The Second Half Is Omitted, Meaning “Must Do”

When time, rules, or the immediate situation already make it obvious that something must be done, the following “いけない／ならない” is easily omitted.

• Example: もう終電だから、行かなきゃ。
  Kana: もうしゅうでんだから、いかなきゃ。
  Translation: It’s almost the last train, so I’ve got to go.
  The full idea can be restored as “行かなければならない／いけない,” but there is no need to say the whole thing in conversation.
• Example: 明日までにレポートを書かなきゃ。
  Kana: あしたまでにレポートをかかなきゃ。
  Translation: I have to finish the report by tomorrow.
  The deadline already provides the reason the task must be completed, so “書かなきゃ” can end the sentence by itself.
• Example: そろそろ寝なくちゃ。
  Kana: そろそろねなくちゃ。
  Translation: I should probably go to bed soon.
  “寝なくては” contracts to “寝なくちゃ,” with the following obligation expression omitted.

How to Use “〜なきゃ” ②｜When a Result Follows, It Simply Means “If Not…”

“〜なければ” is originally a conditional form, so if “〜なきゃ” is followed by a complete result, the sentence may simply mean “if A does not happen, B will happen.”

• Example: 薬を飲まなきゃ治らないよ。
  Kana: くすりをのまなきゃなおらないよ。
  Translation: You won’t get better if you don’t take the medicine.
  “治らない” is already the result of the condition, so there is no need to supply “いけない.”
• Example: 早く出なきゃ、電車に間に合わない。
  Kana: はやくでなきゃ、でんしゃにまにあわない。
  Translation: If we don’t leave early, we’ll miss the train.
  The structure is “if we don’t leave early, we won’t make it,” so the main point is the conditional relationship.
• Example: 予約しなきゃ入れない店らしいよ。
  Kana: よやくしなきゃはいれないみせらしいよ。
  Translation: Apparently, you can’t get into that restaurant without a reservation.
  “予約しなきゃ” modifies the following conditional result “入れない.” It is not ordering someone to make a reservation right now.

What Do “〜んだ,” “〜って,” and “〜じゃん” Mean? Comparing High-Frequency Spoken Japanese Forms

“〜んだ,” “〜って,” and “〜じゃん” may not look as obviously contracted as “〜てる,” but they are also commonly discussed as contractions. Research on spoken Japanese includes “のだ→んだ,” “ではないか→じゃん,” and several different sources of “って,” with “って” itself corresponding to more than one full structure.

How to Use “〜んだ”｜A Shortened Form of “〜のだ” Used for Background, Explanation, or Confirmation

“〜んだ” is not merely an optional sentence-ending sound. It can turn a plain statement into an explanation such as “the situation is actually like this” or “this is the reason,” and it often appears in questions about background such as “どうしたんですか” and “何してるんだ.”

• Example: 今日は早く帰りたいんだ。
  Kana: きょうははやくかえりたいんだ。
  Translation: I want to go home early today.
  Compared with the simple “帰りたい,” this gives more of a sense of explaining the speaker’s current thought or background.
• Example: どうして知ってるんだ？
  Kana: どうしてしってるんだ？
  Translation: How do you know?
  In actual speech, “知っているのだ” can contract even further to “知ってんだ,” so Japanese dramas often contain multiple contractions layered together.
• Example: 明日は休みなんだ。
  Kana: あしたはやすみなんだ。
  Translation: Oh, so tomorrow is a day off.／Actually, tomorrow is a day off.
  When a noun is followed by “のだ,” the form is “なのだ,” which becomes “なんだ” in speech.

How to Use “〜って”｜It Can Come from “と,” “という,” and More, So Don’t Always Translate It as “I Heard”

“〜って” can mark quotations, bring a word or phrase forward as a topic, or appear at the end of a sentence to relay information. Research even subdivides “って” into several types depending on its source and function, so memorizing it only as a contraction of “という” is still not enough.

• Example: 田中さん、明日は来ないって。
  Kana: たなかさん、あしたはこないって。
  Translation: I heard Tanaka isn’t coming tomorrow.
  Sentence-final “って” relays information the speaker has heard.
• Example: 「推し」って、どういう意味？
  Kana: 「おし」って、どういういみ？
  Translation: What does “推し” mean?
  Here, “って” brings “推し” forward as the topic and is close to “〜というのは／〜とは.”
• Example: 明日は休みだって聞いたよ。
  Kana: あしたはやすみだってきいたよ。
  Translation: I heard tomorrow is a day off.
  “って” marks the quoted content before “聞いた.”

How to Use “〜じゃん”｜From “〜ではないか,” Often Used for Discovery, Confirmation, and Reminders

“〜じゃん” can be traced back to “〜ではないか,” so it should not simply be understood as the negative “じゃない” with one sound removed. In actual conversation, it often expresses the speaker’s judgment in ways such as “isn’t that great?” or “but you said that before, remember?”

Intonation and context can make “〜じゃん” sound like praise, surprise, a reminder, or a complaint. Because the form is highly conversational, the relationship between the speakers strongly affects its nuance.

• Example: その服、すごく似合ってるじゃん。
  Kana: そのふく、すごくにあってるじゃん。
  Translation: That outfit looks really good on you.
  This is praise expressing discovery and agreement, not a literal yes-or-no question.
• Example: 今日までに返すって言ったじゃん。
  Kana: きょうまでにかえすっていったじゃん。
  Translation: You said you’d return it by today, remember?
  The speaker brings up an agreement both people should already know, so the sentence can sound like a reminder or even a reproach.
• Example: この店、思ったより安いじゃん。
  Kana: このみせ、おもったよりやすいじゃん。
  Translation: Hey, this place is cheaper than I expected.
  Here, “じゃん” is close to sharing an on-the-spot realization or judgment, and the tone can be very light.

Comparing Japanese Contractions: How Do “〜てる,” “〜ちゃう,” “〜とく,” and “〜なきゃ” Differ?

The real task with contractions is identifying the original form rather than simply looking at the last few sounds you hear. “ちゃ,” “じゃ,” and “って” are especially likely to come from different full forms, so context matters more than the English translation.

Comparison	Full Form	Contraction	Key Point
Ongoing action／state	〜ている	〜てる	The action or state still holds
Completion／unintended result	〜てしまう	〜ちゃう	The event is completed or has occurred
Advance preparation	〜ておく	〜とく	Do something now in preparation for later
Condition／prohibition	〜ては	〜ちゃ	Often followed by だめ, いけない, etc.
Obligation／condition	〜なければ	〜なきゃ	Check whether the second half is omitted
Negation／connection	〜では	〜じゃ	Example: 静かじゃない、それじゃ
Confirmation／discovery	〜ではないか	〜じゃん	Brings out an existing judgment or shared understanding

▌Difference Between “〜てる” and “〜ちゃう”｜Ongoing State vs. Result That Has Already Happened

✅ まだ雨が降ってる。
It’s still raining.
“降っている” describes a continuing state of rain.

✅ 傘を電車に忘れちゃった。
I left my umbrella on the train.
The forgetting has already become a fact, so the contraction of “忘れてしまった” is used.

Both can appear when describing a present situation, but their time positions differ. “〜てる” holds the scene at an ongoing state, while “〜ちゃう” more readily points to the result after something has happened.

▌Difference Between “〜ちゃう” and “〜とく”｜Completion vs. Doing Something in Advance

✅ 予約、もう取っちゃった。
I already made the reservation.

✅ 混みそうだから、予約しとく。
It looks like it’ll be crowded, so I’ll make a reservation in advance.

The first sentence only needs to state that the reservation is already complete. The second clearly looks forward: the reservation is being made now so there will not be a problem later. The original time direction of “しまう” and “おく” remains even after contraction.

▌Difference Between “〜ちゃう” and “〜ちゃ”｜Check Whether It Comes from “しまう” or “ては”

✅ ケーキを全部食べちゃった。
I ate the whole cake. ＝ 食べてしまった。

✅ このケーキ、食べちゃだめだよ。
You mustn’t eat this cake. ＝ 食べてはだめ.

If you hear only the beginning “食べちゃ,” the two sentences sound almost identical. What determines the source is the second half. “ちゃった／ちゃう” usually traces back to “てしまう,” while “ちゃだめ／ちゃいけない” traces back to “ては.”

▌Difference Between “〜じゃない” and “〜じゃん”｜How Do Negation and Confirmation Differ?

✅ この部屋は静かじゃない。
This room isn’t quiet.

✅ この部屋、前より静かじゃん。
Hey, this room is quieter than before.

The “じゃない” in the first sentence is simply “ではない” and directly negates “静か.” The “じゃん” in the second is related to “ではないか” and shares the observation that the room has become quieter with the listener.

Are Japanese Contractions Always Less Polite? Formality in “してます／してる”

Contractions often appear together with more familiar and conversational registers, but they should not be reduced to the formula “contraction＝impolite.” Earlier research on spoken Japanese has pointed out that contractions are not limited to informal settings and do not appear only when people speak quickly.

What matters is how the entire sentence is formed. For example, “確認してます” already shortens “しています,” but still retains “ます,” and it is not unusual in some workplace conversations. By contrast, “確認してるよ” is casual all the way through the ending and naturally implies a closer relationship.

So formality is usually determined by several elements together:

確認しています。
Full and stable; easy to use in formal situations.

確認してます。
“ている” is shortened, but “ます” remains.

確認してる。
The entire sentence is clearly in casual spoken style.

The contraction itself is only one clue and cannot by itself determine whether the whole sentence is impolite.

How Do You Break Down Contractions When Listening to Japanese Dramas? Use “ちゃった,” “ちゃだめ,” and “なきゃ” as Clues

When contractions appear densely in speech, trying to translate every sound from the beginning can actually make it harder to keep up. A more practical method is to catch the ending first, see what follows, and then reconstruct the original form.

For example:

忘れちゃった。
When you hear “ちゃった,” first think of “てしまった.”

忘れちゃだめ。
When you hear “ちゃだめ,” first think of “てはだめ.”

行かなきゃ。
The sentence ends there, and if the context contains time pressure, the omitted part is probably “ならない／いけない.”

行かなきゃ間に合わない。
The sentence already continues with “間に合わない,” so this is a complete condition: “if I don’t go, I won’t make it.”

Sometimes all it takes is listening to half a sentence more for the original form to reveal itself.

How Are Japanese Contractions Used? Real Situations with Friends, at Work, and in Japanese Dramas

Contractions are closely related to the social distance between speakers. They often appear repeatedly when friends make plans, family members remind each other of things, or a character’s emotions suddenly intensify. Workplace scenes may move back and forth between full and contracted forms. Research based on drama dialogue also shows that forms such as “んだ,” “てる,” “って,” and “ちゃ／じゃ” repeatedly appear across different types of dramas.

▌Situation ①｜Friends Changing Plans at the Last Minute

A：ごめん、会議がまだ終わってなくて、会社にいる。
　　ごめん、かいぎがまだおわってなくて、かいしゃにいる。
　　Sorry, the meeting still isn’t over, so I’m still at the office.

B：わかった。じゃあ、席だけ取っとくね。
　　わかった。じゃあ、せきだけとっとくね。
　　Got it. Then I’ll save us a seat.

📌 Grammar Point: “取っとく” comes from “取っておく” and means saving the seat now so it will be available when they meet later. Between friends, there is no need to pronounce the full “取っておくね.”

▌Situation ②｜Realizing You Forgot Something

A：あれ、社員証がない。
　　あれ、しゃいんしょうがない。
　　Huh? My employee ID is gone.

B：家に忘れてきちゃったんじゃない？
　　いえにわすれてきちゃったんじゃない？
　　Maybe you left it at home?

📌 Grammar Point: “忘れてきちゃった” comes from “忘れてきてしまった” and carries the sense that the mistake has already happened. The following “んじゃない？” is a conversational confirmation. A short sentence like this actually contains more than one layer of spoken contraction.

▌Situation ③｜Exchanging Opinions After a Movie

A：あのラスト、意外によかったじゃん。
　　あのラスト、いがいによかったじゃん。
　　That ending was surprisingly good.

B：うん。最後まで見てよかったって思った。
　　うん。さいごまでみてよかったっておもった。
　　Yeah. I thought I was glad I watched it to the end.

📌 Grammar Point: “よかったじゃん” shares a discovery and evaluation about the ending, while “って思った” uses the conversational quotation marker “って.” Both are very common when close acquaintances exchange opinions.

Cultural Notes:

1. The degree of contraction used by characters in Japanese dramas changes depending on who they are speaking to. The same character may say “何してる？” to a friend but switch to “何をしていますか” with someone at work. This reflects not only grammar but also relationships and social roles.
2. Contractions cannot be directly equated with masculine or feminine speech. “〜てる,” “〜ちゃう,” and “〜って” are widely used by many different speakers. Differences between characters are more often expressed through the overall sentence ending, intonation, and accompanying vocabulary.
3. The frequency of “じゃん” varies across regions, generations, and relationships. Japanese drama dialogue is useful for training recognition, but a single character’s verbal habits should not automatically be treated as standard expressions suitable for every situation.

Comparing Japanese Contractions with Korean Spoken Contractions “건／걸／게／거예요”

Both natural Japanese and Korean shorten high-frequency combinations in speech, but the two languages contract different parts of the sentence. Japanese often shows phonetic omission or fusion in grammatical combinations such as “ている,” “てしまう,” and “ておく.” Korean, meanwhile, frequently uses contractions such as “것은→건,” “것을→걸,” “것이→게,” and “것이에요→거예요.”

◆ Similar Grammar: Korean “건／걸／게／거예요”

Korean contractions are not random deletions either. High-frequency forms develop established short forms. For example, “이것은” can become “이건,” while “그런 것을” can become “그런 걸.” As in Japanese, recognizing the full form first makes it easier to understand the shortened form in natural speech.

• Example: 이건 제가 고른 거예요.
  Romanization: i-geon je-ga go-reun geo-ye-yo.
  Translation: This is the one I chose.
  “이건” can be traced back to “이것은,” while “거예요” is related to “것이에요.” Using the shortened forms is completely natural in everyday conversation, while the sentence ending still retains the polite “요” level.
• Example: 그런 걸 몰랐어요.
  Romanization: geu-reon geol mol-la-sseo-yo.
  Translation: I didn’t know that.
  “걸” can be traced back to “것을,” and the contraction does not erase the original syntactic function of the particle.
• Example: 그 사람이 한 게 맞아요.
  Romanization: geu sa-ram-i han ge ma-ja-yo.
  Translation: It really was that person who did it.
  “게” can be traced back to “것이,” and even after contraction, the original subject relationship can still be identified from the sentence.

◆ Main Differences from Japanese Contractions:

In Japanese, listeners often need to reconstruct longer grammatical forms directly from sounds such as “ちゃった,” “といて,” and “なきゃ.” In Korean, listeners frequently identify the original “것＋particle／이다” structure from forms such as “건／걸／게／거.” Korean politeness also remains very clearly expressed at the end of the sentence. For example, “거예요” and “거야” signal different social distances, so you cannot judge the formality of the entire sentence solely by whether the preceding part has been contracted.

It is more practical to first memorize a few high-frequency correspondences: “〜ている→〜てる” for ongoing actions and states, “〜てしまう→〜ちゃう／〜じゃう” for completion and unintended results, and “〜ておく→〜とく／〜どく” for advance preparation. Then interpret “〜なきゃ,” “〜って,” and “〜じゃん” together with what follows.

The forms that deserve the most attention are “ちゃ／じゃ” and “なきゃ.” They are short sounds, but they can come from more than one source. When you hear them, do not rush to translate them immediately. Listen to the next part as well, and you can usually tell whether the original form is “てしまう,” “ては,” “なければ,” or something else.

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